Mads Nordentoft1, Naja H Rod2, Jens Peter Bonde3, Jakob B Bjorner4, Ida E H Madsen5, Line R M Pedersen5, Bryan Cleal6, Linda L Magnusson Hanson7, Mette A Nexo6, Jaana Pentti8, Sari Stenholm9, Tom Sterud10, Jussi Vahtera9, Reiner Rugulies11. 1. National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: mns@nrcwe.dk. 2. Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 3. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Optum Patient Insights, Lincoln, RI, USA; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark. 7. Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 8. Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 9. Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 10. The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway. 11. National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prospective relation between effort-reward imbalance at work and risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We included 50,552 individuals from a national survey of the working population in Denmark, aged 30-64 years and diabetes-free at baseline. Effort-reward imbalance was defined, in accordance with the literature, as a mismatch between high efforts at work (e.g. high work pace, time pressure), and low rewards received in return (e.g. low recognition, job insecurity) and assessed as a continuous and a categorical variable. Incident type 2 diabetes was identified in national health registers. Using Cox regression we calculated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for estimating the association between effort-reward imbalance at baseline and risk of onset of type 2 diabetes during follow-up, adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, cohabitation, children at home, migration background, survey year and sample method. RESULTS: During 136,239 person-years of follow-up (mean = 2.7 years) we identified 347 type 2 diabetes cases (25.5 cases per 10,000 person-years). For each one standard deviation increase of the effort-reward imbalance score at baseline, the fully adjusted risk of type 2 diabetes during follow-up increased by 9% (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.98-1.21). When we used effort-reward imbalance as a dichotomous variable, exposure to effort-reward imbalance was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes with a HR of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02-1.58). CONCLUSION: The results of this nationwide study of the Danish workforce suggest that effort-reward imbalance at work may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prospective relation between effort-reward imbalance at work and risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We included 50,552 individuals from a national survey of the working population in Denmark, aged 30-64 years and diabetes-free at baseline. Effort-reward imbalance was defined, in accordance with the literature, as a mismatch between high efforts at work (e.g. high work pace, time pressure), and low rewards received in return (e.g. low recognition, job insecurity) and assessed as a continuous and a categorical variable. Incident type 2 diabetes was identified in national health registers. Using Cox regression we calculated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for estimating the association between effort-reward imbalance at baseline and risk of onset of type 2 diabetes during follow-up, adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, cohabitation, children at home, migration background, survey year and sample method. RESULTS: During 136,239 person-years of follow-up (mean = 2.7 years) we identified 347 type 2 diabetes cases (25.5 cases per 10,000 person-years). For each one standard deviation increase of the effort-reward imbalance score at baseline, the fully adjusted risk of type 2 diabetes during follow-up increased by 9% (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.98-1.21). When we used effort-reward imbalance as a dichotomous variable, exposure to effort-reward imbalance was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes with a HR of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02-1.58). CONCLUSION: The results of this nationwide study of the Danish workforce suggest that effort-reward imbalance at work may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Authors: Tianwei Xu; Alice J Clark; Jaana Pentti; Reiner Rugulies; Theis Lange; Jussi Vahtera; Linda L Magnusson Hanson; Hugo Westerlund; Mika Kivimäki; Naja H Rod Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2022-01-01 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Mads Nordentoft; Naja H Rod; Jens Peter Bonde; Jakob B Bjorner; Bryan Cleal; Ida E H Madsen; Linda L Magnusson Hanson; Mette A Nexo; Tom Sterud; Reiner Rugulies Journal: Sleep Med X Date: 2020-08-08
Authors: Jeppe K Sørensen; Elisabeth Framke; Jacob Pedersen; Kristina Alexanderson; Jens P Bonde; Kristin Farrants; Esben M Flachs; Linda L Magnusson Hanson; Solja T Nyberg; Mika Kivimäki; Ida E H Madsen; Reiner Rugulies Journal: Eur J Epidemiol Date: 2022-03-21 Impact factor: 12.434
Authors: Mads Nordentoft; Naja Hulvej Rod; Jens Peter Bonde; Jakob Bue Bjorner; Bryan Cleal; Ann Dyreborg Larsen; Ida E H Madsen; Linda L Magnusson Hanson; Mette Andersen Nexo; Line Rosendahl Meldgaard Pedersen; Tom Sterud; Tianwei Xu; Reiner Rugulies Journal: Am J Ind Med Date: 2020-04-14 Impact factor: 2.214
Authors: Ana Paula B Pena-Gralle; Denis Talbot; Caroline S Duchaine; Mathilde Lavigne-Robichaud; Xavier Trudel; Karine Aubé; Matthias Gralle; Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet; Alain Milot; Chantal Brisson Journal: Scand J Work Environ Health Date: 2021-09-28 Impact factor: 5.024