Rachel Gunn1, Kristina Jackson2, Brian Borsari3, Jane Metrik4. 1. Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. Electronic address: rachel_gunn@brown.edu. 2. Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. 3. San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA. 4. Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prompted by the ongoing debate regarding whether cannabis serves as a complement to or substitute for alcohol, this study uses prospective data to examine daily associations between medicinal versus recreational cannabis and alcohol use in veterans. METHODS: Three semi-annual waves of Timeline Followback Interview data were collected from a sample of veterans who reported co-using alcohol and cannabis on at least one day (N = 115; 56% medicinal users; 93% male; 62,100 observations). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association between daily cannabis use and number of drinks consumed across time for both medicinal and recreational users and to examine the frequency medicinal cannabis used to substitute for alcohol. RESULTS: Compared to medicinal users, recreational users were more likely to drink more on cannabis use days relative to non-use days. Among medicinal users, those endorsing more frequent use of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol reported fewer number of drinks consumed on days when cannabis was used relative to non-use days. CONCLUSIONS: Among veterans, recreational users are at greater risk for increased drinking when co-using cannabis at the daily level, an association that is stable over time. Medicinal users may be at lower risk for increased drinking on days when cannabis is also used, especially those who endorse using cannabis to substitute for alcohol. Findings help clarify the debate on cannabis-alcohol substitution or complementary associations in a sample of veterans and suggests that alcohol interventions should address cannabis use as a risk factor, especially for recreational users.
BACKGROUND: Prompted by the ongoing debate regarding whether cannabis serves as a complement to or substitute for alcohol, this study uses prospective data to examine daily associations between medicinal versus recreational cannabis and alcohol use in veterans. METHODS: Three semi-annual waves of Timeline Followback Interview data were collected from a sample of veterans who reported co-using alcohol and cannabis on at least one day (N = 115; 56% medicinal users; 93% male; 62,100 observations). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association between daily cannabis use and number of drinks consumed across time for both medicinal and recreational users and to examine the frequency medicinal cannabis used to substitute for alcohol. RESULTS: Compared to medicinal users, recreational users were more likely to drink more on cannabis use days relative to non-use days. Among medicinal users, those endorsing more frequent use of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol reported fewer number of drinks consumed on days when cannabis was used relative to non-use days. CONCLUSIONS: Among veterans, recreational users are at greater risk for increased drinking when co-using cannabis at the daily level, an association that is stable over time. Medicinal users may be at lower risk for increased drinking on days when cannabis is also used, especially those who endorse using cannabis to substitute for alcohol. Findings help clarify the debate on cannabis-alcohol substitution or complementary associations in a sample of veterans and suggests that alcohol interventions should address cannabis use as a risk factor, especially for recreational users.
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