Shrey Patel1, Benjamin Rahmani1, Jason Gandhi1,2, Omar Seyam1, Gunjan Joshi3, Inefta Reid1, Noel L Smith4, Wayne C Waltzer5, Sardar Ali Khan1,5. 1. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA. 2. Medical Student Research Institute, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies. 3. Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, NY, USA. 4. Foley Plaza Medical, New York, NY, USA. 5. Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Abstract
Introduction: The pineal gland, an endocrine organ of the posterior cranial fossa famously involved in sleep and wakefulness, has continually been a topic of scientific advancement and curiosity. Methods: We review present an up-to-date review including the anatomy, embryology, and physiology of the pineal gland and its ability to secrete hormones including melatonin, pathophysiology of pineal gland tumors, cysts, and calcifications, their clinical presentation including their association with parkinsonism and precocious puberty, and various treatment approaches. Results: Exploring the biochemistry of melatonin, various calcification morphologies, and pineal tumors may uncover a wider role and the exhaustive case study consolidation allows clinicians to carefully review the literature and aid their treatment approaches. Conclusion: It is imperative that clinicians and diagnosticians are able to distinguish manifestations of an overlooked gland.
Introduction: The pineal gland, an endocrine organ of the posterior cranial fossa famously involved in sleep and wakefulness, has continually been a topic of scientific advancement and curiosity. Methods: We review present an up-to-date review including the anatomy, embryology, and physiology of the pineal gland and its ability to secrete hormones including melatonin, pathophysiology of pineal gland tumors, cysts, and calcifications, their clinical presentation including their association with parkinsonism and precocious puberty, and various treatment approaches. Results: Exploring the biochemistry of melatonin, various calcification morphologies, and pineal tumors may uncover a wider role and the exhaustive case study consolidation allows clinicians to carefully review the literature and aid their treatment approaches. Conclusion: It is imperative that clinicians and diagnosticians are able to distinguish manifestations of an overlooked gland.
Authors: Matias Estaras; Manuel R Gonzalez-Portillo; Remigio Martinez; Alfredo Garcia; Mario Estevez; Miguel Fernandez-Bermejo; Jose M Mateos; Daniel Vara; Gerardo Blanco-Fernández; Diego Lopez-Guerra; Vicente Roncero; Gines M Salido; Antonio Gonzalez Journal: Antioxidants (Basel) Date: 2021-04-08