Jeremy D Schnittman1, Tito Dal Canton2, Jordan Camp3, David Tsang4, Bernard J Kelly5. 1. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Joint Space-Science Institute, College Park, MD 20742, jeremy.schnittman@nasa.gov. 2. NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771. 3. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771. 4. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Joint Space-Science Institute, College Park, MD 20742. 5. CRESST, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, Joint Space-Science Institute, College Park, MD 20742.
Abstract
We calculate the electromagnetic signal of a gamma-ray flare coming from the surface of a neutron star shortly before merger with a black hole companion. Using a new version of the Monte Carlo radiation transport code Pandurata that incorporates dynamic spacetimes, we integrate photon geodesics from the neutron star surface until they reach a distant observer or are captured by the black hole. The gamma-ray light curve is modulated by a number of relativistic effects, including Doppler beaming and gravitational lensing. Because the photons originate from the inspiraling neutron star, the light curve closely resembles the corresponding gravitational waveform: a chirp signal characterized by a steadily increasing frequency and amplitude. We propose to search for these electromagnetic chirps using matched filtering algorithms similar to those used in LIGO data analysis.
We calculate the electromagnetic signal of a gamma-ray flare coming from the surface of a neutron star shortly before merger with a black hole companion. Using a new version of the Monte Carlo radiation transport code Pandurata that incorporates dynamic spacetimes, we integrate photon geodesics from the neutron star surface until they reach a distant observer or are captured by the black hole. The gamma-ray light curve is modulated by a number of relativistic effects, including Doppler beaming and gravitational lensing. Because the photons originate from the inspiraling neutron star, the light curve closely resembles the corresponding gravitational waveform: a chirp signal characterized by a steadily increasing frequency and amplitude. We propose to search for these electromagnetic chirps using matched filtering algorithms similar to those used in LIGO data analysis.
Keywords:
X-rays:binaries; accretion disks; black hole physics
Authors: B P Abbott; R Abbott; T D Abbott; M R Abernathy; F Acernese; K Ackley; C Adams; T Adams; P Addesso; R X Adhikari; V B Adya; C Affeldt; M Agathos; K Agatsuma; N Aggarwal; O D Aguiar; L Aiello; A Ain; P Ajith; B Allen; A Allocca; P A Altin; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; K Arai; M A Arain; M C Araya; C C Arceneaux; J S Areeda; N Arnaud; K G Arun; S Ascenzi; G Ashton; M Ast; S M Aston; P Astone; P Aufmuth; C Aulbert; S Babak; P Bacon; M K M Bader; P T Baker; F Baldaccini; G Ballardin; S W Ballmer; J C Barayoga; S E Barclay; B C Barish; D Barker; F Barone; B Barr; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; D Barta; J Bartlett; M A Barton; I Bartos; R Bassiri; A Basti; J C Batch; C Baune; V Bavigadda; M Bazzan; B Behnke; M Bejger; C Belczynski; A S Bell; C J Bell; B K Berger; J Bergman; G Bergmann; C P L Berry; D Bersanetti; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; S Bhagwat; R Bhandare; I A Bilenko; G Billingsley; J Birch; R Birney; O Birnholtz; S Biscans; A Bisht; M Bitossi; C Biwer; M A Bizouard; J K Blackburn; C D Blair; D G Blair; R M Blair; S Bloemen; O Bock; T P Bodiya; M Boer; G Bogaert; C Bogan; A Bohe; P Bojtos; C Bond; F Bondu; R Bonnand; B A Boom; R Bork; V Boschi; S Bose; Y Bouffanais; A Bozzi; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; V B Braginsky; M Branchesi; J E Brau; T Briant; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; P Brockill; A F Brooks; D A Brown; D D Brown; N M Brown; C C Buchanan; A Buikema; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; M Cabero; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; C Cahillane; J Calderón Bustillo; T Callister; E Calloni; J B Camp; K C Cannon; J Cao; C D Capano; E Capocasa; F Carbognani; S Caride; J Casanueva Diaz; C Casentini; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; C B Cepeda; L Cerboni Baiardi; G Cerretani; E Cesarini; R Chakraborty; T Chalermsongsak; S J Chamberlin; M Chan; S Chao; P Charlton; E Chassande-Mottin; H Y Chen; Y Chen; C Cheng; A Chincarini; A Chiummo; H S Cho; M Cho; J H Chow; N Christensen; Q Chu; S Chua; S Chung; G Ciani; F Clara; J A Clark; F Cleva; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; A Colla; C G Collette; L Cominsky; M Constancio; A Conte; L Conti; D Cook; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; K Craig; J D E Creighton; T D Creighton; J Cripe; S G Crowder; A M Cruise; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; N S Darman; C F Da Silva Costa; V Dattilo; I Dave; H P Daveloza; M Davier; G S Davies; E J Daw; R Day; S De; D DeBra; G Debreczeni; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; T Denker; T Dent; H Dereli; V Dergachev; R T DeRosa; R De Rosa; R DeSalvo; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; A Di Lieto; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; A Di Virgilio; G Dojcinoski; V Dolique; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; R Douglas; T P Downes; M Drago; R W P Drever; J C Driggers; Z Du; M Ducrot; S E Dwyer; T B Edo; M C Edwards; A Effler; H-B Eggenstein; P Ehrens; J Eichholz; S S Eikenberry; W Engels; R C Essick; T Etzel; M Evans; T M Evans; R Everett; M Factourovich; V Fafone; H Fair; S Fairhurst; X Fan; Q Fang; S Farinon; B Farr; W M Farr; M Favata; M Fays; H Fehrmann; M M Fejer; D Feldbaum; I Ferrante; E C Ferreira; F Ferrini; F Fidecaro; L S Finn; I Fiori; D Fiorucci; R P Fisher; R Flaminio; M Fletcher; H Fong; J-D Fournier; S Franco; S Frasca; F Frasconi; M Frede; Z Frei; A Freise; R Frey; V Frey; T T Fricke; P Fritschel; V V Frolov; P Fulda; M Fyffe; H A G Gabbard; J R Gair; L Gammaitoni; S G Gaonkar; F Garufi; A Gatto; G Gaur; N Gehrels; G Gemme; B Gendre; E Genin; A Gennai; J George; L Gergely; V Germain; Abhirup Ghosh; Archisman Ghosh; S Ghosh; J A Giaime; K D Giardina; A Giazotto; K Gill; A Glaefke; J R Gleason; E Goetz; R Goetz; L Gondan; G González; J M Gonzalez Castro; A Gopakumar; N A Gordon; M L Gorodetsky; S E Gossan; M Gosselin; R Gouaty; C Graef; P B Graff; M Granata; A Grant; S Gras; C Gray; G Greco; A C Green; R J S Greenhalgh; 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E Katsavounidis; W Katzman; S Kaufer; T Kaur; K Kawabe; F Kawazoe; F Kéfélian; M S Kehl; D Keitel; D B Kelley; W Kells; R Kennedy; D G Keppel; J S Key; A Khalaidovski; F Y Khalili; I Khan; S Khan; Z Khan; E A Khazanov; N Kijbunchoo; C Kim; J Kim; K Kim; Nam-Gyu Kim; Namjun Kim; Y-M Kim; E J King; P J King; D L Kinzel; J S Kissel; L Kleybolte; S Klimenko; S M Koehlenbeck; K Kokeyama; S Koley; V Kondrashov; A Kontos; S Koranda; M Korobko; W Z Korth; I Kowalska; D B Kozak; V Kringel; B Krishnan; A Królak; C Krueger; G Kuehn; P Kumar; R Kumar; L Kuo; A Kutynia; P Kwee; B D Lackey; M Landry; J Lange; B Lantz; P D Lasky; A Lazzarini; C Lazzaro; P Leaci; S Leavey; E O Lebigot; C H Lee; H K Lee; H M Lee; K Lee; A Lenon; M Leonardi; J R Leong; N Leroy; N Letendre; Y Levin; B M Levine; T G F Li; A Libson; T B Littenberg; N A Lockerbie; J Logue; A L Lombardi; L T London; J E Lord; M Lorenzini; V Loriette; M Lormand; G Losurdo; J D Lough; C O Lousto; G Lovelace; H Lück; A P Lundgren; J Luo; R Lynch; 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S R Morriss; K Mossavi; B Mours; C M Mow-Lowry; C L Mueller; G Mueller; A W Muir; Arunava Mukherjee; D Mukherjee; S Mukherjee; N Mukund; A Mullavey; J Munch; D J Murphy; P G Murray; A Mytidis; I Nardecchia; L Naticchioni; R K Nayak; V Necula; K Nedkova; G Nelemans; M Neri; A Neunzert; G Newton; T T Nguyen; A B Nielsen; S Nissanke; A Nitz; F Nocera; D Nolting; M E N Normandin; L K Nuttall; J Oberling; E Ochsner; J O'Dell; E Oelker; G H Ogin; J J Oh; S H Oh; F Ohme; M Oliver; P Oppermann; Richard J Oram; B O'Reilly; R O'Shaughnessy; C D Ott; D J Ottaway; R S Ottens; H Overmier; B J Owen; A Pai; S A Pai; J R Palamos; O Palashov; C Palomba; A Pal-Singh; H Pan; Y Pan; C Pankow; F Pannarale; B C Pant; F Paoletti; A Paoli; M A Papa; H R Paris; W Parker; D Pascucci; A Pasqualetti; R Passaquieti; D Passuello; B Patricelli; Z Patrick; B L Pearlstone; M Pedraza; R Pedurand; L Pekowsky; A Pele; S Penn; A Perreca; H P Pfeiffer; M Phelps; O Piccinni; M Pichot; M Pickenpack; F Piergiovanni; V Pierro; G Pillant; L Pinard; I M Pinto; M Pitkin; J H Poeld; R Poggiani; P Popolizio; A Post; J Powell; J Prasad; V Predoi; S S Premachandra; T Prestegard; L R Price; M Prijatelj; M Principe; S Privitera; R Prix; G A Prodi; L Prokhorov; O Puncken; M Punturo; P Puppo; M Pürrer; H Qi; J Qin; V Quetschke; E A Quintero; R Quitzow-James; F J Raab; D S Rabeling; H Radkins; P Raffai; S Raja; M Rakhmanov; C R Ramet; P Rapagnani; V Raymond; M Razzano; V Re; J Read; C M Reed; T Regimbau; L Rei; S Reid; D H Reitze; H Rew; S D Reyes; F Ricci; K Riles; N A Robertson; R Robie; F Robinet; A Rocchi; L Rolland; J G Rollins; V J Roma; J D Romano; R Romano; G Romanov; J H Romie; D Rosińska; S Rowan; A Rüdiger; P Ruggi; K Ryan; S Sachdev; T Sadecki; L Sadeghian; L Salconi; M Saleem; F Salemi; A Samajdar; L Sammut; L M Sampson; E J Sanchez; V Sandberg; B Sandeen; G H Sanders; J R Sanders; B Sassolas; B S Sathyaprakash; P R Saulson; O Sauter; R L Savage; A Sawadsky; P Schale; R Schilling; J Schmidt; P Schmidt; R Schnabel; R M S Schofield; A Schönbeck; E Schreiber; D Schuette; B F Schutz; J Scott; S M Scott; D Sellers; A S Sengupta; D Sentenac; V Sequino; A Sergeev; G Serna; Y Setyawati; A Sevigny; D A Shaddock; T Shaffer; S Shah; M S Shahriar; M Shaltev; Z Shao; B Shapiro; P Shawhan; A Sheperd; D H Shoemaker; D M Shoemaker; K Siellez; X Siemens; D Sigg; A D Silva; D Simakov; A Singer; L P Singer; A Singh; R Singh; A Singhal; A M Sintes; B J J Slagmolen; J R Smith; M R Smith; N D Smith; R J E Smith; E J Son; B Sorazu; F Sorrentino; T Souradeep; A K Srivastava; A Staley; M Steinke; J Steinlechner; S Steinlechner; D Steinmeyer; B C Stephens; S P Stevenson; R Stone; K A Strain; N Straniero; G Stratta; N A Strauss; S Strigin; R Sturani; A L Stuver; T Z Summerscales; L Sun; P J Sutton; B L Swinkels; M J Szczepańczyk; M Tacca; D Talukder; D B Tanner; M Tápai; S P Tarabrin; A Taracchini; R Taylor; T Theeg; M P Thirugnanasambandam; E G Thomas; M Thomas; P Thomas; K A Thorne; K S Thorne; E Thrane; S Tiwari; V Tiwari; 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Authors: B P Abbott; R Abbott; T D Abbott; M R Abernathy; F Acernese; K Ackley; C Adams; T Adams; P Addesso; R X Adhikari; V B Adya; C Affeldt; M Agathos; K Agatsuma; N Aggarwal; O D Aguiar; L Aiello; A Ain; P Ajith; B Allen; A Allocca; P A Altin; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; K Arai; M C Araya; C C Arceneaux; J S Areeda; N Arnaud; K G Arun; S Ascenzi; G Ashton; M Ast; S M Aston; P Astone; P Aufmuth; C Aulbert; S Babak; P Bacon; M K M Bader; P T Baker; F Baldaccini; G Ballardin; S W Ballmer; J C Barayoga; S E Barclay; B C Barish; D Barker; F Barone; B Barr; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; D Barta; J Bartlett; I Bartos; R Bassiri; A Basti; J C Batch; C Baune; V Bavigadda; M Bazzan; M Bejger; A S Bell; B K Berger; G Bergmann; C P L Berry; D Bersanetti; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; S Bhagwat; R Bhandare; I A Bilenko; G Billingsley; J Birch; R Birney; O Birnholtz; S Biscans; A Bisht; M Bitossi; C Biwer; M A Bizouard; J K Blackburn; C D Blair; D G Blair; R M Blair; S Bloemen; O Bock; M Boer; G Bogaert; C Bogan; A Bohe; C Bond; F Bondu; R Bonnand; B A Boom; R Bork; V Boschi; S Bose; Y Bouffanais; A Bozzi; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; V B Braginsky; M Branchesi; J E Brau; T Briant; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; P Brockill; J E Broida; A F Brooks; D A Brown; D D Brown; N M Brown; S Brunett; C C Buchanan; A Buikema; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; M Cabero; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; C Cahillane; J Calderón Bustillo; T Callister; E Calloni; J B Camp; K C Cannon; J Cao; C D Capano; E Capocasa; F Carbognani; S Caride; J Casanueva Diaz; C Casentini; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; C B Cepeda; L Cerboni Baiardi; G Cerretani; E Cesarini; S J Chamberlin; M Chan; S Chao; P Charlton; E Chassande-Mottin; B D Cheeseboro; H Y Chen; Y Chen; C Cheng; A Chincarini; A Chiummo; H S Cho; M Cho; J H Chow; N Christensen; Q Chu; S Chua; S Chung; G Ciani; F Clara; J A Clark; F Cleva; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; A Colla; C G Collette; L Cominsky; M Constancio; A Conte; L Conti; D Cook; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; K Craig; J D E Creighton; J Cripe; S G Crowder; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; N S Darman; A Dasgupta; C F Da Silva Costa; V Dattilo; I Dave; M Davier; G S Davies; E J Daw; R Day; S De; D DeBra; G Debreczeni; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; T Denker; T Dent; V Dergachev; R De Rosa; R T DeRosa; R DeSalvo; R C Devine; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; T Di Girolamo; A Di Lieto; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; A Di Virgilio; V Dolique; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; R Douglas; T P Downes; M Drago; R W P Drever; J C Driggers; M Ducrot; S E Dwyer; T B Edo; M C Edwards; A Effler; H-B Eggenstein; P Ehrens; J Eichholz; S S Eikenberry; W Engels; R C Essick; T Etzel; M Evans; T M Evans; R Everett; M Factourovich; V Fafone; H Fair; S Fairhurst; X Fan; Q Fang; S Farinon; B Farr; W M Farr; M Favata; M Fays; H Fehrmann; M M Fejer; E Fenyvesi; I Ferrante; E C Ferreira; F Ferrini; F Fidecaro; I Fiori; D Fiorucci; R P Fisher; R Flaminio; M Fletcher; H Fong; J-D Fournier; S Frasca; F Frasconi; Z Frei; A Freise; R Frey; V Frey; P Fritschel; V V Frolov; P Fulda; M Fyffe; H A G Gabbard; J R Gair; L Gammaitoni; S G Gaonkar; F Garufi; G Gaur; N Gehrels; G Gemme; P Geng; E Genin; A Gennai; J George; L Gergely; V Germain; Abhirup Ghosh; Archisman Ghosh; S Ghosh; J A Giaime; K D Giardina; A Giazotto; K Gill; A Glaefke; E Goetz; R Goetz; L Gondan; G González; J M Gonzalez Castro; A Gopakumar; N A Gordon; M L Gorodetsky; S E Gossan; M Gosselin; R Gouaty; A Grado; C Graef; P B Graff; M Granata; A Grant; S Gras; C Gray; G Greco; A C Green; P Groot; H Grote; S Grunewald; G M Guidi; X Guo; A Gupta; M K Gupta; K E Gushwa; E K Gustafson; R Gustafson; J J Hacker; B R Hall; E D Hall; H Hamilton; G Hammond; M Haney; M M Hanke; J Hanks; C Hanna; M D Hannam; J Hanson; T Hardwick; J Harms; G M Harry; I W Harry; M J Hart; M T Hartman; C-J Haster; K Haughian; J Healy; A Heidmann; M C Heintze; H Heitmann; P Hello; G Hemming; M Hendry; I S Heng; J Hennig; J Henry; A W Heptonstall; M Heurs; S Hild; D Hoak; D Hofman; K Holt; D E Holz; P Hopkins; J Hough; E A Houston; E J Howell; Y M Hu; S Huang; E A Huerta; D Huet; B Hughey; S Husa; S H Huttner; T Huynh-Dinh; N Indik; D R Ingram; R Inta; H N Isa; J-M Isac; M Isi; T Isogai; B R Iyer; K Izumi; T Jacqmin; H Jang; K Jani; P Jaranowski; S Jawahar; L Jian; F Jiménez-Forteza; W W Johnson; N K Johnson-McDaniel; D I Jones; R Jones; R J G Jonker; L Ju; Haris K; C V Kalaghatgi; V Kalogera; S Kandhasamy; G Kang; J B Kanner; S J Kapadia; S Karki; K S Karvinen; M Kasprzack; E Katsavounidis; W Katzman; S Kaufer; T Kaur; K Kawabe; F Kéfélian; M S Kehl; D Keitel; D B Kelley; W Kells; R Kennedy; J S Key; F Y Khalili; I Khan; S Khan; Z Khan; E A Khazanov; N Kijbunchoo; Chi-Woong Kim; Chunglee Kim; J Kim; K Kim; N Kim; W Kim; Y-M Kim; S J Kimbrell; E J King; P J King; J S Kissel; B Klein; L Kleybolte; S Klimenko; S M Koehlenbeck; S Koley; V Kondrashov; A Kontos; M Korobko; W Z Korth; I Kowalska; D B Kozak; V Kringel; B Krishnan; A Królak; C Krueger; G Kuehn; P Kumar; R Kumar; L Kuo; A Kutynia; B D Lackey; M Landry; J Lange; B Lantz; P D Lasky; M Laxen; A Lazzarini; C Lazzaro; P Leaci; S Leavey; E O Lebigot; C H Lee; H K Lee; H M Lee; K Lee; A Lenon; M Leonardi; J R Leong; N Leroy; N Letendre; Y Levin; J B Lewis; T G F Li; A Libson; T B Littenberg; N A Lockerbie; A L Lombardi; L T London; J E Lord; M Lorenzini; V Loriette; M Lormand; G Losurdo; J D Lough; C O Lousto; H Lück; A P Lundgren; R Lynch; Y Ma; B Machenschalk; M MacInnis; D M Macleod; F Magaña-Sandoval; L Magaña Zertuche; R M Magee; E Majorana; I Maksimovic; V Malvezzi; N Man; I Mandel; V Mandic; V Mangano; G L Mansell; M Manske; M Mantovani; F Marchesoni; F Marion; S Márka; Z Márka; A S Markosyan; E Maros; F Martelli; L Martellini; I W Martin; D V Martynov; J N Marx; K Mason; A Masserot; T J Massinger; M Masso-Reid; S Mastrogiovanni; F Matichard; L Matone; N Mavalvala; N Mazumder; R McCarthy; D E McClelland; S McCormick; S C McGuire; G McIntyre; J McIver; D J McManus; T McRae; S T McWilliams; D Meacher; G D Meadors; J Meidam; A Melatos; G Mendell; R A Mercer; E L Merilh; M Merzougui; S Meshkov; C Messenger; C Messick; R Metzdorff; P M Meyers; F Mezzani; H Miao; C Michel; H Middleton; E E Mikhailov; L Milano; A L Miller; A Miller; B B Miller; J Miller; M Millhouse; Y Minenkov; J Ming; S Mirshekari; C Mishra; S Mitra; V P Mitrofanov; G Mitselmakher; R Mittleman; A Moggi; M Mohan; S R P Mohapatra; M Montani; B C Moore; C J Moore; D Moraru; G Moreno; S R Morriss; K Mossavi; B Mours; C M Mow-Lowry; G Mueller; A W Muir; Arunava Mukherjee; D Mukherjee; S Mukherjee; N Mukund; A Mullavey; J Munch; D J Murphy; P G Murray; A Mytidis; I Nardecchia; L Naticchioni; R K Nayak; K Nedkova; G Nelemans; T J N Nelson; M Neri; A Neunzert; 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