Mehmet N Cizmeci1, Linda S de Vries2, Linh G Ly3, Ingrid C van Haastert2, Floris Groenendaal2, Edmond N Kelly4, Jeffrey Traubici5, Hilary E Whyte3, Lara M Leijser6. 1. Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 2. Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 3. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 4. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 5. Department of Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 6. Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: lara.leijser@ucalgary.ca.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the sonographic characteristics of periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) and their association with mortality and neurodevelopmental disability in very preterm infants born in 2008-2013. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter observational cohort study. Diagonal PVHI size was measured and severity score assessed. PVHI characteristics were scored and temporal trends were assessed. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of corrected age was assessed using either the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition or the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Multigroup analyses were applied as appropriate. RESULTS: We enrolled 160 infants with median gestational age of 26.6 weeks. PVHI was mostly unilateral (90%), associated with an ipsilateral grade III intraventricular hemorrhage (84%), and located in the parietal lobe (51%). Sixty-four (40%) infants with PVHI died in the neonatal period. Of the survivors assessed at 2 years of corrected age, 65% had normal cognitive and 69% had normal motor outcomes. The cerebral palsy rate was 42%. The composite outcome of death or severe neurodevelopmental disability was observed in 58%, with no trends over the study period (P = .6). Increasing PVHI severity score was associated with death (P < .001). Increasing PVHI size and severity score were negatively associated with gross motor scores (P = .01 and .03, respectively). Trigone involvement was associated with cerebral palsy (41% vs 14%; P = .004). Associated posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (36%) was an independent risk factor for poorer cognitive and motor outcomes (P < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing PVHI size and severity score were predictive of less optimal gross motor outcome and death in very preterm infants.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the sonographic characteristics of periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) and their association with mortality and neurodevelopmental disability in very preterm infants born in 2008-2013. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter observational cohort study. Diagonal PVHI size was measured and severity score assessed. PVHI characteristics were scored and temporal trends were assessed. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of corrected age was assessed using either the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition or the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Multigroup analyses were applied as appropriate. RESULTS: We enrolled 160 infants with median gestational age of 26.6 weeks. PVHI was mostly unilateral (90%), associated with an ipsilateral grade III intraventricular hemorrhage (84%), and located in the parietal lobe (51%). Sixty-four (40%) infants with PVHI died in the neonatal period. Of the survivors assessed at 2 years of corrected age, 65% had normal cognitive and 69% had normal motor outcomes. The cerebral palsy rate was 42%. The composite outcome of death or severe neurodevelopmental disability was observed in 58%, with no trends over the study period (P = .6). Increasing PVHI severity score was associated with death (P < .001). Increasing PVHI size and severity score were negatively associated with gross motor scores (P = .01 and .03, respectively). Trigone involvement was associated with cerebral palsy (41% vs 14%; P = .004). Associated posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (36%) was an independent risk factor for poorer cognitive and motor outcomes (P < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing PVHI size and severity score were predictive of less optimal gross motor outcome and death in very preterm infants.