Megan H Pesch1, Andrea R Daniel2, Alison L Miller3, Katherine L Rosenblum4, Danielle P Appugliese5, Julie C Lumeng6, Niko Kaciroti7. 1. Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, And Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 1111 SE, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5456, USA. Electronic address: pesch@umich.edu. 2. Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan and Wayne State Medical School, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. Electronic address: andreard@umich.edu. 3. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, And the Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0406, USA. Electronic address: alimill@umich.edu. 4. Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, And Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. Electronic address: katier@umich.edu. 5. Appugliese Professional Advisors, P.O. Box 71, North Easton, MA, 02356, USA. Electronic address: dpappugliese@gmail.com. 6. Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, And Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 10th floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. Electronic address: jlumeng@umich.edu. 7. Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 10th floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. Electronic address: nicola@umich.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Maternal feeding styles have been associated with children's eating behaviors and obesity risk. Few works have identified maternal feeding styles using a multi-method person-centered approach. OBJECTIVES: (1) To identify maternal feeding styles using a person-centered multi-method approach, and (2) to examine the association of child weight status with maternal feeding styles. METHODS: Participants were low-income mother-child dyads (N = 255) (mean child age 5.9 years) from the United States. Mothers completed questionnaires and participated in a semi-structured interview. Interview transcripts were reliably coded for constructs of child feeding including beliefs, goals, and concerns. Family mealtime video recordings were reliably coded for feeding behaviors. Child anthropometrics were measured. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine empirically-driven typologies of maternal feeding styles. Chi-square analyses tested the association of maternal feeding styles with child overweight or obese (vs. not) weight status. RESULTS: Two maternal feeding styles were identified by LCA which we term "High Coercive Control" (27% child overweight/obese) and "Low Coercive Control" (55% child overweight/obese). High Coercive Control mothers were more likely to believe their child was too thin, self-reported being more demanding in feeding and pressuring the child to eat, worried more about their child not eating enough and were observed to use more bribery. Low Coercive Control mothers were concerned about their child eating too much, and were less likely to self-report engaging in pressuring or restricting feeding behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that although there is a "feeding style" characterized by substantial control, this style was most common among mothers of thinner children. The mothers of children with overweight/obesity were primarily characterized by engaging in the "recommended" feeding behaviors and being appropriately concerned about their child's risk for excess weight.
BACKGROUND: Maternal feeding styles have been associated with children's eating behaviors and obesity risk. Few works have identified maternal feeding styles using a multi-method person-centered approach. OBJECTIVES: (1) To identify maternal feeding styles using a person-centered multi-method approach, and (2) to examine the association of child weight status with maternal feeding styles. METHODS:Participants were low-income mother-child dyads (N = 255) (mean childage 5.9 years) from the United States. Mothers completed questionnaires and participated in a semi-structured interview. Interview transcripts were reliably coded for constructs of child feeding including beliefs, goals, and concerns. Family mealtime video recordings were reliably coded for feeding behaviors. Child anthropometrics were measured. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine empirically-driven typologies of maternal feeding styles. Chi-square analyses tested the association of maternal feeding styles with child overweight or obese (vs. not) weight status. RESULTS: Two maternal feeding styles were identified by LCA which we term "High Coercive Control" (27% child overweight/obese) and "Low Coercive Control" (55% child overweight/obese). High Coercive Control mothers were more likely to believe their child was too thin, self-reported being more demanding in feeding and pressuring the child to eat, worried more about their child not eating enough and were observed to use more bribery. Low Coercive Control mothers were concerned about their child eating too much, and were less likely to self-report engaging in pressuring or restricting feeding behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that although there is a "feeding style" characterized by substantial control, this style was most common among mothers of thinner children. The mothers of children with overweight/obesity were primarily characterized by engaging in the "recommended" feeding behaviors and being appropriately concerned about their child's risk for excess weight.
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