Comparative evaluation of bone chars derived from bovine parts: Physicochemical properties and copper sorption behavior.

With the increasing demand for beef worldwide, a considerable amount of bovine bone is discharged as solid waste. Therefore, in this study, the physicochemical properties of chars from bovine bones (ribs, scapulae, vertebrae, and legs) and their copper sorption behavior in aqueous solutions were investigated. The bone chars were pyrolyzed at 500 °C and the ash contents were approximately 85.08%, although the leg bone char had significantly higher values. The rib bone char showed a larger specific surface area (172 m2/g), smaller average pore diameter (7.7 nm), and more basic functional groups than the other char types. The maximum sorption capacity varied from 72.53 to 83.71 g/kg, with the rib bone char exhibiting the best adsorption characteristics, followed by the scapulae, vertebrae, and legs. A correlation analysis demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of Cu(II) on bone char is closely related to surface pore characteristics. An adsorption kinetic analysis and physicochemical characterization of the chars indicate that the Cu(II) adsorption mechanism in bovine bone char is primarily surface chemisorption. Based on the different of physicochemical properties and sorption behavior, bone chars pyrolyzed from bovine ribs are most suitable for adsorption-related applications. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for classified utilization of animal bones, including the use of graded bone chars as low-cost adsorbents requiring no chemical pre-treatment.