Ben H Chew1, Justin Chan1, David Choy1, Takahiro Hirayama2, Masatsugu Iwamura2, Neil Branda3, Dirk Lange1. 1. The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 2. Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan. 3. Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
Abstract
Purpose: Ureteral stents are fraught with complications. Not much is known regarding what causes these issues. Studies suggested that discoloration of indwelling stents changes surface characteristics to promote stent-associated complications. Occasional stent discoloration has been observed; however, underlying mechanisms and potential material changes are unknown. In this study, we identify a potential mechanism for stent discoloration and characterize potential changes in stent surface characteristics and their impact on encrustation and bacterial colonization. Materials and Methods: Twenty Polaris Ultra and 20 Percuflex Plus stents (same polymer material) with varying degrees of discoloration were collected from Japanese and Canadian patients. Surface characterization using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy was conducted. Encrustation of variably discolored stents was assessed via atomic absorption spectroscopy and bacterial adhesion to discolored and control stents via colony-forming unit counts. Results: Bismuth subcarbonate was found in control stents, and discoloration was induced via incubation in 1% sodium sulfide and increasing concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Discoloration of either patient-derived stents or in vitro discolored stents did not result in significant changes in stent material or increased rates of encrustation or bacterial adhesion. Conclusions: Ureteral stent discoloration may be triggered by sulfur containing urinary components reacting with bismuth subcarbonate in the stent material, rather than the surface deposition of unusual crystals as previously proposed. Stent discoloration does not result in increased levels of encrustation or bacterial adhesion. Given this, stent discoloration appears to be cosmetic and has no effect on the functionality of the indwelling stent.
Purpose: Ureteral stents are fraught with complications. Not much is known regarding what causes these issues. Studies suggested that discoloration of indwelling stents changes surface characteristics to promote stent-associated complications. Occasional stent discoloration has been observed; however, underlying mechanisms and potential material changes are unknown. In this study, we identify a potential mechanism for stent discoloration and characterize potential changes in stent surface characteristics and their impact on encrustation and bacterial colonization. Materials and Methods: Twenty Polaris Ultra and 20 Percuflex Plus stents (same polymer material) with varying degrees of discoloration were collected from Japanese and Canadian patients. Surface characterization using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy was conducted. Encrustation of variably discolored stents was assessed via atomic absorption spectroscopy and bacterial adhesion to discolored and control stents via colony-forming unit counts. Results:Bismuth subcarbonate was found in control stents, and discoloration was induced via incubation in 1% sodium sulfide and increasing concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Discoloration of either patient-derived stents or in vitro discolored stents did not result in significant changes in stent material or increased rates of encrustation or bacterial adhesion. Conclusions: Ureteral stent discoloration may be triggered by sulfur containing urinary components reacting with bismuth subcarbonate in the stent material, rather than the surface deposition of unusual crystals as previously proposed. Stent discoloration does not result in increased levels of encrustation or bacterial adhesion. Given this, stent discoloration appears to be cosmetic and has no effect on the functionality of the indwelling stent.