Julian Rössler1, Felix Schoenrath2, Burkhardt Seifert3, Alexander Kaserer1, Gabriela H Spahn1, Volkmar Falk4, Donat R Spahn5. 1. Institute of Anaesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 2. Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 3. Department of Biostatistics at the Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 4. Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. 5. Institute of Anaesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: donat.spahn@usz.ch.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is frequent in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The relevance of iron deficiency, however, is ill defined. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the impact of iron deficiency (ferritin <100 μg L-1) with or without concomitant anaemia on clinical outcome after cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 730 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were assigned into four groups according to their iron status and anaemia. Mortality, serious adverse events (SAEs), major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), allogenic blood transfusion requirements, and length of hospital stay were assessed during a 90-day follow-up period. The effect of iron deficiency on these outcomes was first calculated in models adjusting for anaemia only, followed by two multivariate models adjusting for anaemia and either the EuroSCORE II or any possible confounders. RESULTS: The presence of iron deficiency (ferritin <100 μg L-1) was associated with an increase in 90-day mortality from 2% to 5% in patients without anaemia, and from 4% to 14% in patients with anaemia. Logistic regression resulted in an odds ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-8.4); P=0.004. The effect persisted in both multivariate models. Moreover, iron deficiency was associated with an increased incidence of SAEs, MACCEs, transfusion, and prolonged hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative iron deficiency (ferritin <100 μg L-1) was independently associated with increased mortality, more SAEs, and prolonged hospital stay after cardiac surgery. These findings underline the importance of preoperative iron deficiency screening in the context of a comprehensive patient blood management programme, and highlight its importance as a research topic in cardiac surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02031289.
BACKGROUND:Iron deficiency is frequent in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The relevance of iron deficiency, however, is ill defined. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the impact of iron deficiency (ferritin <100 μg L-1) with or without concomitant anaemia on clinical outcome after cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 730 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were assigned into four groups according to their iron status and anaemia. Mortality, serious adverse events (SAEs), major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), allogenic blood transfusion requirements, and length of hospital stay were assessed during a 90-day follow-up period. The effect of iron deficiency on these outcomes was first calculated in models adjusting for anaemia only, followed by two multivariate models adjusting for anaemia and either the EuroSCORE II or any possible confounders. RESULTS: The presence of iron deficiency (ferritin <100 μg L-1) was associated with an increase in 90-day mortality from 2% to 5% in patients without anaemia, and from 4% to 14% in patients with anaemia. Logistic regression resulted in an odds ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-8.4); P=0.004. The effect persisted in both multivariate models. Moreover, iron deficiency was associated with an increased incidence of SAEs, MACCEs, transfusion, and prolonged hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative iron deficiency (ferritin <100 μg L-1) was independently associated with increased mortality, more SAEs, and prolonged hospital stay after cardiac surgery. These findings underline the importance of preoperative iron deficiency screening in the context of a comprehensive patient blood management programme, and highlight its importance as a research topic in cardiac surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02031289.
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