Evaluation of pile driving accidents in geotechnical engineering.

Pile driving accidents that occurred between 1984 and 2018 were selected from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration database, producing 84 cases. To evaluate the causes of accidents, pile driving stages were presented and the potential hazards were discussed. Two models were necessary to link the accidents with workers' behavior. An accident type model and a workers' behavior model were developed. The accident type model was related to physical factors leading to accidents, and the workers' behavior model determined the occupational behavior under the act of the incident. Among fatal accidents, unsafe site conditions had the highest frequency at 26.9%. Among non-fatal accidents, both poor attitudes toward safety and unsafe methods had the highest frequency at 28.1%. Furthermore, a map presenting work-specific accident frequencies in pile driving operations was created. Consequently, project-specific countermeasures should be taken regarding the root causes of accidents, leading to vigorous strategies to develop safety measures.