| Literature DB >> 31656320 |
Sandra Nezi-Cahn1, Isabel Sicking1, Kathrin Almstedt1, Marco Battista1, Anne-Sophie Heimes1, Slavomir Krajnak1, Joscha Steetskamp1, Annette Hasenburg1, Marcus Schmidt1.
Abstract
Introduction Venous thromboses and their consequences are among the main causes of death in patients with tumour diseases. The objective of this study is the analysis of risk factors and the evaluation of the applicability of two risk scores in a purely gynaecological oncology patient collective. The identification of patients at high risk for the occurrence of venous thromboses could enable the implementation of targeted medication-based thrombosis prophylaxis which has a significant benefit and, simultaneously, a low risk. Materials and Methods A retrospective case-control study on 152 patients who were undergoing oncological treatment in the Department of Gynaecology of the Mainz University Medical Centre between 2006 and 2013 investigated the data from 104 patients with breast, 26 with ovarian and 22 with cervical cancer. A control was assigned to 76 subjects in the case group who suffered a venous thrombosis during chemotherapy and this control coincided in the points of tumour location, age, lymph node involvement, metastasis and time of initial diagnosis. The group differences were analysed using the χ 2 test, t test, Mann-Whitney-U test and a logistic regression analysis. Results There were clear group differences in the lack of inpatient thrombosis prophylaxis (p = 0.014), elevated leukocyte counts (p = 0.018) prior to the start of chemotherapy and port systems (p = 0.032). Surgical interventions were confirmed to be an independent risk factor (p ≤ 0.001). The Khorana and Protecht scores did not emerge from the analysis as independent predictors for a thrombosis. More patients died in the case group than in the control group (p = 0.028; OR: 8.1; CI: 1.254 - 52.162). Conclusion In this patient collective, surgeries represent an independent risk factor for venous thromboses. In addition, a correlation was seen between inpatient thrombosis prophylaxis, leukocytosis as well as port systems and an increased risk of thrombosis. Neither the Khorana nor the Protecht score were independent risk factors for venous thromboses. Significantly more thrombosis patients died during the observation period.Entities:
Keywords: chemotherapy; gynaecological cancer; operations; thrombosis
Year: 2019 PMID: 31656320 PMCID: PMC6805188 DOI: 10.1055/a-0834-6468
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Parameters of the Khorana and Protecht risk scores.
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|
|
| Tumour location: | |
Very high risk (stomach, pancreas) | 2 |
High risk (bladder, testes, lungs, lymphomas, gynaecological malignancies) | 1 |
Platelet counts prior to start of chemotherapy ≥ 350 × 10 9 /l | 1 |
Haemoglobin values prior to start of chemotherapy < 10 g/dl or use of erythrocyte growth factors | 1 |
White blood cell counts prior to start of chemotherapy > 11 × 10 9 /l | 1 |
Body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m 2 | 1 |
|
|
|
Chemotherapy containing platinum or gemcitabine | 1 |
Chemotherapy containing platinum or gemcitabine | 2 |
Table 2 Clinical-pathological tumour data of the sample.
| Clinical-pathological tumour data | VT case group (n = 76) | Control group (n = 76) |
|---|---|---|
| Tumour size | ||
T1 | 20 | 30 |
T2 | 28 | 27 |
T3 | 12 | 14 |
T4 | 6 | 0 |
missing | 10 | 5 |
| Lymph node involvement | ||
yes | 59 | 54 |
no | 17 | 22 |
| Metastasis | ||
M0 | 44 | 44 |
M1 | 32 | 32 |
| Recurrence | ||
yes | 22 | 22 |
no | 54 | 54 |
Table 3 Personal and treatment-related characteristics of the sample.
| Characteristics of the sample | VT case group (n = 76) | Control group (n = 76) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 χ 2 test | |||
|
| |||
| Breast | 52 (68.4) | 52 (68.4) | |
| Cervix | 13 (17.1) | 13 (17.1) | |
| Ovary | 11 (14.5) | 11 (14.5) | |
|
| |||
| < 65 years | 56 (73.7) | 56 (73.7) | |
| ≥ 65 years | 20 (26.3) | 20 (26.3) | |
|
| 0.462 1 | ||
| < 35 kg/m 2 | 65 (85.5) | 68 (89.5) | |
| ≥ 35 kg/m 2 | 11 (14.5) | 8 (10.5) | |
| ECOG performance status prior to therapy | |||
0 | 62 (81.6) | 74 (97.4) | |
1 | 9 (11.8) | 2 (2.6) | |
2 | 4 (5.3) | 0 | |
3 | 1 (1.3) | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Nicotine abuse | 16 (21.1) | 14 (18.4) | 0.684 1 |
|
| |||
| Platelet count ≥ 350 × 10 9 /L | 26 (34.7) | 16 (21.1) | 0.062 1 |
| White blood cell count > 11 × 10 9 /L | 7 (9.3) | 5 (6.6) | 0.532 1 |
| Haemoglobin level < 100 g/L | 3 (4) | 7 (9.2) | 0.226 1 |
|
| 40 (52.6) | 36 (47.4) | 0.516 1 |
| Arterial hypertension | 30 (39.5) | 33 (43.4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 9 (11.8) | 6 (7.9) | |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 6 (7.9) | 5 (6.6) | |
| Coronary heart disease | 4 (5.3) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Varicosis | 2 (2.6) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Arterial occlusive disease | 2 (2.6) | 0 | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 0 | 2 (2.6) | |
| Factor V Leiden | 2 (2.6) | 0 | |
| Von Willebrand syndrome | 1 (1.3) | 0 | |
| Thrombocythemia | 1 (1.3) | 0 | |
|
| |||
| In the 6 months prior to thrombosis (cases) or in the 4 weeks before and during chemotherapy (controls) | 62 (81.6) | 32 (42.1) | < 0.001 1 |
| Number of surgeries | |||
0 | 14 (18.4) | 44 (57.9) | |
1 | 28 (36.8) | 29 (38.2) | |
2 | 23 (30.3) | 3 (3.9) | |
3 | 10 (13.2) | 0 | |
4 | 1 (1.3) | 0 | |
| Presence of a port system | 51 (67.1) | 38 (50) | 0.032 1 |
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| |||
| Neoadjuvant | 4 (5.3) | 4 (5.3) | |
| Adjuvant | 40 (52.6) | 40 (52.6) | |
| Palliative | 32 (42.1) | 32 (42.1) | |
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| |||
| At the same time as chemotherapy | 4 (5.3) | 5 (6.6) | |
| Administration of packed red cells | 16 (21.1) | 15 (19.7) | 0.840 1 |
| Erythropoietin administration | 15 (19.7) | 20 (26.3) | 0.226 1 |
| G-CSF application | 20 (26.3) | 18 (23.7) | 0.708 1 |
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| |||
| In the 3 weeks prior to thrombosis (cases) or during chemotherapy (controls) | 39 (51.3) | 38 (50) | 0.871 1 |
| Inpatient thrombosis prophylaxis | 29 (74.4) | 36 (94.7) | 0.014 1 |
| Died | 29 (38.2) | 14 (18.4) | |
Table 4 Distribution of the point values in the Khorana and Protecht risk scores.
| Risk scores | VT case group (n = 76) | Control group (n = 76) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 χ 2 test | |||
| Khorana score | 0.415 1 | ||
0 | 19 (25) | 28 (36.8) | |
1 | 35 (46.1) | 29 (38.2) | |
2 | 16 (21.1) | 10 (13.2) | |
3 | 5 (6.5) | 7 (9.2) | |
4 | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.6) | |
5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Protecht score | 0.536 1 | ||
0 | 17 (22.4) | 27 (35.5) | |
1 | 28 (36.8) | 27 (35.5) | |
2 | 15 (19.7) | 9 (11.8) | |
3 | 13 (17.1) | 6 (7.9) | |
4 | 2 (2.6) | 4 (5.3) | |
5 | 1 (1.3) | 3 (3.9) | |
6 | 0 | 0 | |
7 | 0 | 0 | |
Table 5 Influence of the variables on the appearance of a VT – results from the multivariate, binary-logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | p value | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | to | |||
| BMI ≥ 35 kg/m 2 | 0.267 | 3.433 | 0.390 | 30.261 |
|
| ||||
| Platelet count | 0.704 | 1.001 | 0.994 | 1.009 |
| White blood cell count | 0.429 | 1.148 | 0.816 | 1.614 |
| Haemoglobin | 0.082 | 0.637 | 0.384 | 1.058 |
| Secondary diagnoses (yes/no) | 0.421 | 0.556 | 0.133 | 2.324 |
| Nicotine abuse (yes/no) | 0.102 | 5.948 | 0.703 | 50.366 |
| Surgeries (yes/no) | 0.001 | 32.750 | 4.233 | 253.400 |
| Presence of a port system (yes/no) | 0.152 | 0.306 | 0.060 | 1.546 |
| Administration of packed red cells (yes/no) | 0.898 | 1.099 | 0.258 | 4.676 |
| GCSF administration (yes/no) | 0.947 | 0.940 | 0.152 | 5.826 |
| Inpatient thrombosis prophylaxis (yes/no) | 0.220 | 0.228 | 0.021 | 2.426 |
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| ||||
| Points in the Khorana score | 0.334 | 0.368 | 0.049 | 2.791 |
| Points in the Protecht score | 0.874 | 0.905 | 0.263 | 3.112 |
Tab. 1 Parameter der Khorana- und Protecht-Risiko-Scores.
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| Tumorlokalisation: | |
sehr hohes Risiko (Magen, Pankreas) | 2 |
hohes Risiko (Blase, Hoden, Lunge, Lymphome, gynäkologische Malignome) | 1 |
Thrombozytenwerte vor Chemotherapiebeginn ≥ 350 × 10 9 /l | 1 |
Hämoglobinwerte vor Chemotherapiebeginn < 10 g/dl oder Anwendung von Erythrozytenwachstumsfaktoren | 1 |
Leukozytenwerte vor Chemotherapiebeginn > 11 × 10 9 /l | 1 |
Body-Mass-Index ≥ 35 kg/m 2 | 1 |
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|
Platin- oder Gemcitabin-haltige Chemotherapie | 1 |
Platin- und Gemcitabin-haltige Chemotherapie | 2 |
Tab. 2 Klinisch-pathologische Tumordaten der Stichprobe.
| klinisch-pathologische Tumordaten | VT-Fallgruppe (n = 76) | Kontrollgruppe (n = 76) |
|---|---|---|
| Tumorgröße | ||
T1 | 20 | 30 |
T2 | 28 | 27 |
T3 | 12 | 14 |
T4 | 6 | 0 |
fehlend | 10 | 5 |
| Lymphknotenbefall | ||
ja | 59 | 54 |
nein | 17 | 22 |
| Metastasierung | ||
M0 | 44 | 44 |
M1 | 32 | 32 |
| Rezidiv | ||
ja | 22 | 22 |
nein | 54 | 54 |
Tab. 3 Personen- und therapiebezogene Charakteristika der Stichprobe.
| Charakteristika der Stichprobe | VT-Fallgruppe (n = 76) | Kontrollgruppe (n = 76) | p-Wert |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 χ 2 -Test | |||
|
| |||
| Brust | 52 (68,4) | 52 (68,4) | |
| Gebärmutterhals | 13 (17,1) | 13 (17,1) | |
| Eierstock | 11 (14,5) | 11 (14,5) | |
|
| |||
| < 65 Jahre | 56 (73,7) | 56 (73,7) | |
| ≥ 65 Jahre | 20 (26,3) | 20 (26,3) | |
|
| 0,462 1 | ||
| < 35 kg/m 2 | 65 (85,5) | 68 (89,5) | |
| ≥ 35 kg/m 2 | 11 (14,5) | 8 (10,5) | |
| ECOG-Performance-Status vor Therapie | |||
0 | 62 (81,6) | 74 (97,4) | |
1 | 9 (11,8) | 2 (2,6) | |
2 | 4 (5,3) | 0 | |
3 | 1 (1,3) | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Nikotinabusus | 16 (21,1) | 14 (18,4) | 0,684 1 |
|
| |||
| Thrombozytenzahl ≥ 350 × 10 9 /L | 26 (34,7) | 16 (21,1) | 0,062 1 |
| Leukozytenzahl > 11 × 10 9 /L | 7 (9,3) | 5 (6,6) | 0,532 1 |
| Hämoglobinwert < 100 g/L | 3 (4) | 7 (9,2) | 0,226 1 |
|
| 40 (52,6) | 36 (47,4) | 0,516 1 |
| arterielle Hypertonie | 30 (39,5) | 33 (43,4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus Typ II | 9 (11,8) | 6 (7,9) | |
| Hypercholesterinämie | 6 (7,9) | 5 (6,6) | |
| koronare Herzkrankheit | 4 (5,3) | 1 (1,3) | |
| Varikosis | 2 (2.6) | 1 (1,3) | |
| arterielle Verschlusskrankheit | 2 (2,6) | 0 | |
| dilatative Kardiomyopathie | 0 | 2 (2,6) | |
| Faktor-V-Leiden | 2 (2,6) | 0 | |
| Von-Willebrand-Syndrom | 1 (1,3) | 0 | |
| Thrombozythämie | 1 (1,3) | 0 | |
|
| |||
| in den 6 Monaten vor Thrombose (Fälle) bzw. in den 4 Wochen vor und während der Chemotherapie (Kontrollen) | 62 (81,6) | 32 (42,1) | < 0,001 1 |
| Anzahl der Operationen | |||
0 | 14 (18,4) | 44 (57,9) | |
1 | 28 (36,8) | 29 (38,2) | |
2 | 23 (30,3) | 3 (3,9) | |
3 | 10 (13,2) | 0 | |
4 | 1 (1,3) | 0 | |
| Vorliegen eines Portsystems | 51 (67,1) | 38 (50) | 0,032 1 |
|
| |||
| neoadjuvant | 4 (5,3) | 4 (5,3) | |
| adjuvant | 40 (52,6) | 40 (52,6) | |
| palliativ | 32 (42,1) | 32 (42,1) | |
|
| |||
| parallel zur Chemotherapie | 4 (5,3) | 5 (6,6) | |
| EK-Gabe | 16 (21,1) | 15 (19,7) | 0,840 1 |
| Erythropoetin-Applikation | 15 (19,7) | 20 (26,3) | 0,226 1 |
| G-CSF-Applikation | 20 (26,3) | 18 (23,7) | 0,708 1 |
|
| |||
| in den 3 Wochen vor Thrombose (Fälle) oder während der Chemotherapie (Kontrollen) | 39 (51,3) | 38 (50) | 0,871 1 |
| stationäre Thromboseprophylaxe | 29 (74,4) | 36 (94,7) | 0,014 1 |
| Versterben | 29 (38,2) | 14 (18,4) | |
Tab. 4 Verteilung der Punktewerte in den Khorana- und Protecht-Risikoscores.
| Risikoscores | VT-Fallgruppe (n = 76) | Kontrollgruppe (n = 76) | p-Werte |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 χ 2 -Test | |||
| Khorana-Score | 0,415 1 | ||
0 | 19 (25) | 28 (36,8) | |
1 | 35 (46,1) | 29 (38,2) | |
2 | 16 (21,1) | 10 (13,2) | |
3 | 5 (6,5) | 7 (9,2) | |
4 | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2,6) | |
5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Protecht-Score | 0,536 1 | ||
0 | 17 (22,4) | 27 (35,5) | |
1 | 28 (36,8) | 27 (35,5) | |
2 | 15 (19,7) | 9 (11,8) | |
3 | 13 (17,1) | 6 (7,9) | |
4 | 2 (2,6) | 4 (5,3) | |
5 | 1 (1,3) | 3 (3,9) | |
6 | 0 | 0 | |
7 | 0 | 0 | |
Tab. 5 Einfluss der Variablen auf das Auftreten einer VT – Ergebnisse der multivariaten, binär-logistischen Regressionsanalyse.
| Variablen | p-Wert | OR | 95%-KI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| von | bis | |||
| BMI ≥ 35 kg/m 2 | 0,267 | 3,433 | 0,390 | 30,261 |
|
| ||||
| Thrombozytenzahl | 0,704 | 1,001 | 0,994 | 1,009 |
| Leukozytenzahl | 0,429 | 1,148 | 0,816 | 1,614 |
| Hämoglobin | 0,082 | 0,637 | 0,384 | 1,058 |
| Nebendiagnosen (ja/nein) | 0,421 | 0,556 | 0,133 | 2,324 |
| Nikotinabusus (ja/nein) | 0,102 | 5,948 | 0,703 | 50,366 |
| Operationen (ja/nein) | 0,001 | 32,750 | 4,233 | 253,400 |
| Vorliegen eines Portsystems (ja/nein) | 0,152 | 0,306 | 0,060 | 1,546 |
| EK-Gabe (ja/nein) | 0,898 | 1,099 | 0,258 | 4,676 |
| GCSF-Applikation (ja/nein) | 0,947 | 0,940 | 0,152 | 5,826 |
| stationäre Thromboseprophylaxe (ja/nein) | 0,220 | 0,228 | 0,021 | 2,426 |
|
| ||||
| Punkte im Khorana-Score | 0,334 | 0,368 | 0,049 | 2,791 |
| Punkte im Protecht-Score | 0,874 | 0,905 | 0,263 | 3,112 |