Sex differences in insomnia and risk for psychopathology in adolescence.

This review examines sex differences in sleep disturbance and risk for psychopathology, with a particular focus on the emergence of insomnia and risk for depression among adolescents. Possible explanations for the female preponderance of adolescent insomnia is discussed. The significance of the temporal relationship between adolescent insomnia and depression is discussed, as the extant literature suggests that insomnia tends to precede depression more than the inverse. Whether a causal relationship may exist between the two conditions and possible mechanisms underlying sex differences are highlighted along with important areas for future research.