Emelia Oppong Bekoe1, Christian Agyare2, Yaw Duah Boakye3, Benedict Mbeah Baiden4, Alex Asase5, Joseph Sarkodie6, Henry Nettey7, Francis Adu8, Priscilla Boatema Otu9, Benjamin Agyarkwa10, Patrick Amoateng11, Isaac Asiedu-Gyekye12, Alexander Nyarko13. 1. Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: eoppongbekoe@ug.edu.gh. 2. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Electronic address: chrisagyare@yahoo.com. 3. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Electronic address: yawduahb@gmail.com. 4. Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 115, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: mbeahbaiden@gmail.com. 5. Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG55, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: alexasase@gmail.com. 6. Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: joseph_sarkodie@yahoo.com. 7. Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: hnettey@msn.com. 8. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Electronic address: franceadu@yahoo.com. 9. Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: pboatemoatu98@yahoo.com. 10. Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: benjaminagyarkwa@yahoo.co.uk. 11. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: patamo@yahoo.com. 12. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: asiedugyekye@yahoo.com. 13. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: akn115@yahoo.com.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Majority of people living in Ghana and many other developing countries rely on traditional medicinal plants for their primary healthcare. These plants are used either alone or in combination to manage a wide range of ailments. However, most of these plants have not been investigated for their mutagenic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study, therefore aimed at evaluating the mutagenic activity of the most frequently used medicinal plants amongst Ghanaians living within the Accra metropolis, Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Validated questionnaires were administered to 53 herbalists and herbal medicines dealers in the Makola, Madina and Nima communities. Plants that were identified as being frequently used were investigated for their mutagenicity using the Ames test. RESULTS: A total of 110 medicinal plants belonging to 53 families were identified as most frequently used plants in the study sites. These are used to treat various ailments including gastric ulcer, fever, malaria, male impotence, diabetes, typhoid, high blood pressure and candidiasis. Thirteen samples (52%) showed moderate to high mutagenicity in the TA 100 bacterial strain before and after metabolism with rat liver enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that over half of the frequently used medicinal plants showed moderate to high mutagenicity before and after metabolism at the concentration of a 100 μg/mL. This may have implications for the safety of those who use them to manage diseases. These findings will suggest the need for an in-depth study of the mutagenic potentials of plants commonly used by indigenous people and more especially for those exhibiting high mutagenicity in this study.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Majority of people living in Ghana and many other developing countries rely on traditional medicinal plants for their primary healthcare. These plants are used either alone or in combination to manage a wide range of ailments. However, most of these plants have not been investigated for their mutagenic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study, therefore aimed at evaluating the mutagenic activity of the most frequently used medicinal plants amongst Ghanaians living within the Accra metropolis, Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Validated questionnaires were administered to 53 herbalists and herbal medicines dealers in the Makola, Madina and Nima communities. Plants that were identified as being frequently used were investigated for their mutagenicity using the Ames test. RESULTS: A total of 110 medicinal plants belonging to 53 families were identified as most frequently used plants in the study sites. These are used to treat various ailments including gastric ulcer, fever, malaria, male impotence, diabetes, typhoid, high blood pressure and candidiasis. Thirteen samples (52%) showed moderate to high mutagenicity in the TA 100 bacterial strain before and after metabolism with rat liver enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that over half of the frequently used medicinal plants showed moderate to high mutagenicity before and after metabolism at the concentration of a 100 μg/mL. This may have implications for the safety of those who use them to manage diseases. These findings will suggest the need for an in-depth study of the mutagenic potentials of plants commonly used by indigenous people and more especially for those exhibiting high mutagenicity in this study.
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