| Literature DB >> 31650942 |
Hanping Wang1, Jiaxin Zhou2, Xiaoxiao Guo3, Yue Li4, Lian Duan5, Xiaoyan Si1, Li Zhang1.
Abstract
Immunocheckpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activated the patients' tumor immunity to kill the tumor cell, and brought new hope to patients with tumor. However, a series of immunocheckpoint inhibitors related adverse effects (irAEs) may also occur based on immune injury. Glucocorticoids are the basis for the treatment of such irAEs. However, the usage, dosage and course of treatment of glucocorticoid in irAEs are different from those in classic autoimmune diseases. Meanwhile, long-term use of large doses of glucocorticoids may cause serious adverse effects too. In this paper, the mechanism, dosage forms, adverse effects and management of glucocorticoids are described in detail, providing references and suggestions for oncologists to apply glucocorticoids in clinical practice.Entities:
Keywords: Glucocorticoid; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Immune suppressors; Immunotherapy-related adverse effects
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2019 PMID: 31650942 PMCID: PMC6817429 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.10.02
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
糖皮质激素对原发和继发免疫细胞的影响
Effects of glucocorticoids on primary and secondary immune cells[
| Immune cell type | Effection |
| IL-2: interleukin 2; IL-6: interleukin 6; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. | |
| Macrophages and Monocytes | Decrease number of circulating cells |
| Lymphocyte | Decrease number of circulating cells |
| Granulocytes | Decrease number of eosinophile and basophile granulocytes |
| Endothelial cells | Decrease vessel permeability, decrease expression of adhesion molecules and production of IL-1 and prostaglandins |
| Fibroblasts | Decrease proliferation, decrease production of fibronectin and prostaglandins |
激素种类及其药动学特征
Types of glucocorticoids and their pharmacokinetic characteristics
| Equivalent dose (mg) | Relative glucocorticoid activity | Relative mineralocorticoid activity | Protein binding capacity | plasma half-life (h) | Biological half-life (h) | ||
| -: No;++: High; +++: High to very high; +++: very high. | |||||||
| Short-acting | Cortisone | 25 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | 0.5 | 8-12 |
| Hydrocortisone | 20 | 1 | 1 | ++++ | 1.5-2 | 8-12 | |
| Intermediate-acting | Methylprednisolone | 4 | 5 | 0.5 | - | > 3.5 | 18-36 |
| Prednisolone | 5 | 4 | 0.6 | ++ | 2.1-3.5 | 18-36 | |
| Prednisone | 5 | 4 | 0.6 | +++ | 3.4-3.8 | 18-36 | |
| Triamcinolone | 4 | 5 | 0 | ++ | 2- > 5 | 18-36 | |
| Long-acting | Dexamethasone | 0.75 | 20-30 | 0 | ++ | 3-4.5 | 36-54 |
| Betamethasone | 0.60 | 20-30 | 0 | ++ | 3-5 | 36-54 | |
风湿病激素剂量水平分类
Classification of dose levels of glucocorticoids in rheumatological diseases
| Classification | Equivalent dose of prednisone | Clinical application | Genomic actions (receptor saturation) | Nongenomic actions | Adverse effects |
| Low dose | ≤7.5 mg/d | Maintenance therapy for many rheumatic diseases | + | ? | Relatively few |
| Mediun dose | > 7.5 mg/d to ≤30 mg/d | Initial treatment for primary chronic rheumatic diseases | ++ | + | Dose-dependent, more if used for a long time |
| High dose | > 30 mg/d to ≤100 mg/d | Initial treatment for subacute rheumatic diseases | ++ | + | Cannot be used for long term because of serious adverse effects |
| Very high dose | > 100 mg/d | Initial treatment for acute and/or potentially life-threatening exacerbations of rheumatic diseases | +++ | ++ | Cannot be used for long term because of very serious adverse effects |
| Pulse therapy | ≥250 mg/d for one or few days | For particularly severe and/or potentially lifethreatening forms of rheumatic diseases | +++ | +++ | More early and serious adverse effects, and more unusual adverse effects |
NCCN指南推荐的激素使用原则
Principles for the use of glucocorticoids recommended by NCCN guidelines
| irAEs | Grade | Type of hormne | Initial dose(mg/kg/d) |
| NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. | |||
| Dermatologic | G2 | Prednisone | 0.5-1 |
| Diarhea/Colitis | G2 | Prednisone/Methylprednisolone | 1 |
| Hepatic toxicity | G2 | Prednisone | 0.5-1 |
| Pancreatitis | G2 | Prednisone/Methylprednisolone | 0.5-1 |
| Pulmonary | G2 | Prednisone/Methylprednisolone | 1-2 |
| Renal | G2 | Prednisone | 1-2 |
| Musculoskeletal | G2 | Prednisone | 0.5 |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | G2/G3/G4 | Methylprednisolone | 1, 000 mg/d |
| Cardiovascular | G3 | Methylprednisolone | 1, 000 mg/d |