| Literature DB >> 31650941 |
Hanping Wang1, Peng Song1, Xiaoyan Si1, Xiaoxiao Guo2, Yue Li3, Jiaxin Zhou4, Lian Duan5, Li Zhang1, Mengzhao Wang1, Li Zhang1.
Abstract
The application of immunological checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has modified many treatment strategies of malignant tumors, which has become a milestone in cancer therapy. The principle of action can be explained as "brake theory". After releasing the brakes by ICIs, unprecedented systemic toxicities, even some refractory and fatal immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) may develop. In this article, we summarized the recommended treatments of grade 3-4 severe irAEs in the latest European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)/American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) guidelines and consensus. We also performed a systemic review of case reports and reviews of irAEs up to May 20, 2019 in PubMed and Chinese journals. Successful applications of specific immunosuppressive drugs and stimulating factors beyond the above guidelines and consensus were supplemented and highlighted, including agents blocking interleukin 6 (IL-6), rituximab, anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-integrin 4 mAb, Janus kinase inhibitors, thrombopoietin receptor agonists and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) etc. We put some concerns of using high-dose steroids for long-term, and emphasize the secondary infections, tumor progression, and unavailability of ICI re-challenge during steroid treatment. We propose the "De-escalation Therapy" principle for severe and refractory irAEs, and suggest that immunosuppressive drugs specifically targeting cytokines should be used as early as possible. Many irAEs in the era of immunotherapy are unprecedented compared with traditional chemotherapy and small-molecule targeted therapy, which is a big challenge to oncologists. Therefore, the establishment of multidisciplinary system is very important for the management of cancer patients.Entities:
Keywords: De-escalation Therapy; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Immunotherapy-related toxicities; Refractory; Severe
Mesh:
Year: 2019 PMID: 31650941 PMCID: PMC6817428 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.10.01
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
推荐用于irAEs治疗的相关细胞因子靶向免疫抑制剂
Cytokine-targeted immunosuppressive agents that were recommended
| Properties | Generic name | Usage and dosage | |
| irAEs: immune-related adverse effects. | |||
| 1 | IL-6 receptor antagonist | Tocilizumab | 8 mg/kg,intravenous, once a month, or 162 mg, subcutaneous injection, once a week |
| 2 | Immunoglubin | Immunoglubin | 400 mg/kg/d, intravenous for 5 d, |
| 3 | Anti-CD20 antibody | Rituximab | 1 g, once every 14 d, for two cycles, or 375 mg/m2, once a week, for 4 cycles |
| Ofatumumab | 300 mg for d1, 1, 000 mg for d2 | ||
| Obinutuzumab | 1, 000 mg for d1 | ||
| Ocrelizumab | 300 mg for d1, 300 mg for d4 | ||
| 4 | Anti-TNFα antibody | Infliximab | 5 mg/kg, once every 2 weeks |
| Adalimimab | 40 mg, once every 2 weeks | ||
| Golimumab | 50 mg, once a month | ||
| Certolizumab | 400 mg, once a month | ||
| Etanercept | 50 mg, once a week | ||
| 5 | Anti-integrin a4 antibody | Natalizumab | 300 mg, once a month |
| Vedolizumab | 300 mg, once a month | ||
| 6 | Thrombopoietin receptor agonist | Eltrombopag | 50 mg/d, Oral |
| 7 | Anti-thymocyte globulin | ATG | 500 mg/d, d1-5 |
| 6 | Janus kinase inhibitor | Tofacitinib | 2 mg, |