Shervin Assari1, Mohsen Bazargan1,2. 1. Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA. 2. Department of Family Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This pattern, however, is never shown for hospitalization risk. OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional explored racial and ethnic variation in the association between educational attainment and hospitalization in the US. METHODS: Data came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS 2015). The total sample was 28,959 American adults. Independent variables were educational attainment and hospitalization. The main outcome was hospitalization during the last 12 months. Age, gender, employment, marital status, region, obesity, and the number of cardiovascular conditions were covariates. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the data. RESULTS: From all participants, 16.2% were Black and 11.6 were Hispanic, with a mean age of 51 years old. Overall, higher education levels were associated with lower odds of hospitalization, independent of all confounders. Educational attainment showed significant interactions with race (OR =1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 - 1.08) and ethnicity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI =1.01 -1.07) on hospitalization, indicating smaller protective effects of educational attainment on hospitalization of Hispanics and Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of educational attainment on population health is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites. To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize diminished returns of educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative and bold economic, public, and social policies that do not limit themselves to equalizing socioeconomic status but also help minorities leverage their available resources and gain tangible outcomes.
BACKGROUND: As suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This pattern, however, is never shown for hospitalization risk. OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional explored racial and ethnic variation in the association between educational attainment and hospitalization in the US. METHODS: Data came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS 2015). The total sample was 28,959 American adults. Independent variables were educational attainment and hospitalization. The main outcome was hospitalization during the last 12 months. Age, gender, employment, marital status, region, obesity, and the number of cardiovascular conditions were covariates. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the data. RESULTS: From all participants, 16.2% were Black and 11.6 were Hispanic, with a mean age of 51 years old. Overall, higher education levels were associated with lower odds of hospitalization, independent of all confounders. Educational attainment showed significant interactions with race (OR =1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 - 1.08) and ethnicity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI =1.01 -1.07) on hospitalization, indicating smaller protective effects of educational attainment on hospitalization of Hispanics and Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of educational attainment on population health is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites. To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize diminished returns of educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative and bold economic, public, and social policies that do not limit themselves to equalizing socioeconomic status but also help minorities leverage their available resources and gain tangible outcomes.
Authors: Johan P Mackenbach; Vivian Bos; Otto Andersen; Mario Cardano; Giuseppe Costa; Seeromanie Harding; Alison Reid; Orjan Hemström; Tapani Valkonen; Anton E Kunst Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2003-10 Impact factor: 7.196