Uchechi A Mitchell1, Jennifer A Ailshire2, Jung Ki Kim2, Eileen M Crimmins2. 1. Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago. 2. Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
Abstract
Objective: Improvements in the Black-White difference in life expectancy have been attributed to improved diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and declines in cardiovascular disease mortality. However, it is unclear whether race differences in total cardiovascular risk and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors have improved in the United States since the 1990s. Design: Serial cross-sectional design. Setting: Data from the 1988-1994, 1999-2002, and 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: We estimated total cardiovascular risk levels, the prevalence of high-risk cardiovascular risk factors and the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs among US Black and White men and women to determine whether differential changes occurred from 1990-2010. Results: Total cardiovascular risk declined for all races from 1990-2010. The Black-White difference was only significant in 2000 and sex-specific analyses showed that trends seen in the total population were driven by changes among women. Black and White men did not differ in risk at any time during this period. Conversely, Black women had significantly higher risk than White women in 1990 and 2000; this difference was eliminated by 2010. Improved diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure and high cholesterol reduced risk in the total population; improved blood pressure and lipid profiles among Black women and increasing obesity prevalence among White women specifically contributed to the narrowing of the Black-White difference in risk among women. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk and racial disparities in risk declined among US Whites and Blacks due to greater use and effectiveness of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications.
Objective: Improvements in the Black-White difference in life expectancy have been attributed to improved diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and declines in cardiovascular diseasemortality. However, it is unclear whether race differences in total cardiovascular risk and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors have improved in the United States since the 1990s. Design: Serial cross-sectional design. Setting: Data from the 1988-1994, 1999-2002, and 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: We estimated total cardiovascular risk levels, the prevalence of high-risk cardiovascular risk factors and the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs among US Black and White men and women to determine whether differential changes occurred from 1990-2010. Results: Total cardiovascular risk declined for all races from 1990-2010. The Black-White difference was only significant in 2000 and sex-specific analyses showed that trends seen in the total population were driven by changes among women. Black and White men did not differ in risk at any time during this period. Conversely, Black women had significantly higher risk than White women in 1990 and 2000; this difference was eliminated by 2010. Improved diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure and high cholesterol reduced risk in the total population; improved blood pressure and lipid profiles among Black women and increasing obesity prevalence among White women specifically contributed to the narrowing of the Black-White difference in risk among women. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk and racial disparities in risk declined among US Whites and Blacks due to greater use and effectiveness of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications.
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