Experiencing cigarette craving with a friend: A shared reality analysis.

Cigarette craving predicts relapse to smoking, which remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Understanding why individuals smoke has important clinical implications and is a research priority. Nonlaboratory studies reveal that social factors, such as the presence of other people, are associated with self-reported craving, yet laboratory smoking research has largely ignored these factors by testing participants in isolation. In this study, a shared reality framework was used to evaluate social processes that may change when smokers experience craving while in the presence of a smoking friend versus in social isolation. Sixty pairs of smoking friends (n = 120) arrived together at the laboratory following a required 5 hr of smoking abstinence. One preselected (target) participant then underwent an in vivo smoking cue-exposure craving induction with their friend either present or in another room, completing an unrelated task. Target participants who were together with their friend while craving experienced a greater sense of similarity and felt closer to their friend than did those who were alone. Furthermore, in the together condition, shared Duchenne smiles (using the Facial Action Coding System) were associated with targets' ratings of perceived similarity to their friend. Though social context did not influence affect or urge to smoke, urge was associated with targets' ratings of similarity in the together, but not the alone condition. Results highlight the potential social utility of craving (satisfying epistemic and relational goals) and highlight the need for increased laboratory research on smoking that includes a social context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).