Chemical Cross-Linking Controls in Vitro Fecal Fermentation Rate of High-Amylose Maize Starches and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition.

A slow fermentation rate of dietary fiber could result in a steady metabolite production release and even distribution in the entire colon, increasing the likelihood of meeting the energy requirements of the distal colon. In the present study, we modulated the fermentation rate in an in vitro human fecal fermentation model by applying chemical cross-linking modification to a type 2 resistant starch [i.e., high-amylose maize starch (HAMS)]. Cross-linking modification decreased the gas production (an indicator of the fermentation rate) of HAMS throughout the whole fermentation progress. The butyrate production rate of cross-linked starches decreased gradually with the increase of the cross-linking degree. Certain beneficial gut microbiota such as genera of Blautia and Clostridiales members were remarkably promoted by starches with low and medium cross-linking degrees, whereas HAMS with a high cross-linking degree obviously promoted the abundance of Bacteroides uniformis and Ruminococcus bromii. This finding reveals that cross-linking modification effectively controls the fermentation rate and highlights the modulation metabolite profiles and gut microbiota composition through chemical modification.