Patients' expectations of returning to work, co-morbid disorders and work capacity at discharge from cardiac rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize patients after an acute cardiac event regarding their negative expectations around returning to work and the impact on work capacity upon discharge from cardiac rehabilitation (CR).
METHODS: We analyzed routine data of 884 patients (52±7 years, 76% men) who attended 3 weeks of inpatient CR after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or cardiac surgery between October 2013 and March 2015. The primary outcome was their status determining their capacity to work (fit vs unfit) at discharge from CR. Further, sociodemographic data (eg, age, sex, and education level), diagnoses, functional data (eg, exercise stress test and 6-min walking test [6MWT]), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and self-assessment of the occupational prognosis (negative expectations and/or unemployment, Würzburger screening) at admission to CR were considered.
RESULTS: A negative occupational prognosis was detected in 384 patients (43%). Out of these, 368 (96%) expected not to return to work after CR and/or were unemployed before CR at 29% (n=113). Affected patients showed a reduced exercise capacity (bicycle stress test: 100 W vs 118 W, P<0.01; 6MWT: 380 m vs 421 m, P<0.01) and were more likely to receive a depression diagnosis (12% vs 3%, P<0.01), as well as higher levels on the HADS. At discharge from CR, 21% of this group (n=81) were fit for work (vs 35% of patients with a normal occupational prognosis (n=175, P<0.01)). Sick leave before the cardiac event (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.6, P<0.01), negative occupational expectations (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.7, P<0.01) and depression (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8, P=0.01) reduced the likelihood of achieving work capacity upon discharge. In contrast, higher exercise capacity was positively associated.
CONCLUSION: Patients with a negative occupational prognosis often revealed a reduced physical performance and suffered from a high psychosocial burden. In addition, patients' occupational expectations were a predictor of work capacity at discharge from CR. Affected patients should be identified at admission to allow for targeted psychosocial care.

Introduction

Besides medical care, cardiovascular risk factor management, exercise training and nutritional advice, according to the recommendations by the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) particularly includes psychosocial counseling and social support.1 Hereby, CR is based on the holistic approach of the biopsychosocial model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by the World Health Organization.2 For patients of employable age, comprehensive CR provides a multidisciplinary, tailored strategy for the recovery of work capacity following an acute cardiac event, with the aim of vocational reintegration as a crucial step in coping with the disease.

Work capacity at discharge from CR can predict return to work (RTW).3 As an outcome of CR, work capacity is predominantly defined by physical capacity and fitness. In patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), fitness assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) shows a significant prognostic value.4 Further, CPX is in turn a predictive tool for RTW as well as for retirement after CR.5 Ades et al confirmed fitness in CPX on entry to CR as very low,6 whereby the physical functioning in CR can be significantly enhanced.7 The authors stated the importance of CR in improving both physical function and prognosis.

Several additional medical and non-medical parameters that can rarely be influenced by CR affect vocational reintegration as well.8 Evident risk factors for non-RTW are the severity of acute coronary syndrome or left ventricular dysfunction, residual ischemia and existing comorbidities, as well as gender and educational level.9–11 Likewise, psychosocial and socio-occupational aspects, such as depression, low socioeconomic status, lack of social support, poor working conditions, an unfavorable socio-medical course before CR (eg, incapacity for work, unemployment and negative subjective expectations regarding RTW including the concern of not meeting work requirements) decrease the probability of successfully resuming occupation.12–16 Certainly, these environmental and personal factors are of comparable importance to medical ones.17,18

However, the causality and associations between the barriers to vocational reintegration mentioned above are largely unclear. In particular, the negative self-assessment of the occupational prognosis, which has been shown to reduce the probability of RTW six months after CR,3,15 may be moderated by objective clinical limitations (eg, decreased physical function, fitness or comorbidities) and psychosocial disorders (eg, depressive symptoms).

For a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, we aimed to characterize patients with negative expectations in terms of returning to work after an acute cardiac event and the impact on work capacity upon discharge from CR.

Methods

Study design and patients

We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of routine data from 967 consecutive patients up to 65 years of age who attended a CR program for an acute cardiac event or cardiac surgery between October 2013 and March 2015. Data from patients who were homemakers (n=16) or prematurely retired (n=5), patients with early termination of CR (eg, transfer to hospital; n=30) and patients without data for occupational prognosis or inconsistent data for current unemployment (n=32) were excluded from the analysis. Accordingly, the resulting dataset included 884 cardiac patients.

Cardiac rehabilitation program

All patients participated in a comprehensive inpatient CR program predominantly following an acute cardiac event (eg, acute coronary syndrome [ACS], coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG], heart valve implantation) with a mean duration of three weeks, which usually starts within 14 days of being discharged from the hospital.19 Exercise training and sports therapy supervised by a cardiologist (eg, training on a bicycle ergometer, outdoor walking, resistance training, gymnastics), cardiovascular risk factor management, psychological support (eg, counseling/coping by a psychologist in single or group sessions), lifestyle adjustment and nutritional advice conducted by approved physical/sport therapists and psychotherapists are the main components of the program.19,20 The CR program is standardized according to the specifications of the German pension insurance and consists, on average, of 12 weekly training units and 8 additional counseling sessions.21

Data source

Sociodemographic data (eg, age, sex, educational level), cardiovascular diagnoses and comorbidities (eg, myocardial infarction [MI], CABG, heart valve implantation, peripheral artery disease [PAD], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes mellitus [DM], depression diagnosis) and functional parameters (eg, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], exercise bicycle stress test, 6-mins walking test [6MWT]), as well as values on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were extracted from the clinic’s electronic patient records. Diagnoses in the database were coded according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10-Code). For the current analysis, we aggregated the single codes into groups or chapters depending on their frequency and relevance for the course of CR (Table 1).

Table 1

Aggregation of cardiovascular diagnoses, comorbidities and procedures regarding ICD-10-Code

Diagnosis	ICD-10 Code
Cardiovascular diagnosis and procedures
Myocardial infarction	I21
Valvular heart disease	I34–I37
Heart failure	I50
Peripheral artery disease	I70–I79
CRT/implantable cardioverter defibrillator	Z95.0
Coronary artery bypass graft	Z95.1
Heart valve implant	Z95.2–Z95.4
Coronary stent	Z95.5
Peripheral angioplasty	Z95.88
Comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors
Diabetes mellitus	E10–E14
COPD	J44
Kidney disease	N17–N19
Depression	F32–F33
Sleep apnea	G47
Spinal disease	M40–M54
Smokers	F17

Abbreviations: CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Patients’ occupational prognosis assessed via the Würzburger Screening test (WBS; clinical version) at admission to CR was evaluated. The WBS estimates the likelihood of returning to work (RTW) six months after CR, with acceptable sensitivity (86%) and specificity (82%).15 This questionnaire includes a subscale for patients’ expectations of RTW with 3 items (Do you think that you can return to your previous job after rehabilitation? Answer: yes/no; Are you currently thinking of applying for a pension (early retirement for health reasons)? Answer: yes/no; How soon after completing the rehabilitation do you hope to return to work? Within … Answer: 1 month, more than 1 month, not at all). All items can generate 1 point for a negative answer and can be summed (score range 0–3 points), where 1 point serves as a cut-off value for patients’ negative expectations of RTW. In addition, the screening test includes an item for unemployment (question: Are you currently employed? Possible answers: (1) yes, full-time, (2) yes, part-time, (3) yes, part-time with less than 3 hrs per day, (4) yes, in occupational training, (5) homemaker, (6) no, unemployed, (7) no, temporary annuity and (8) no, permanently pensioned, with answers (6) and (7) detecting unemployment). In total, negative expectations of RTW and unemployment are defined as negative occupational prognoses. In the recruitment time frame, the WBS was consecutively conducted as screening for inclusion criteria in a randomized controlled trial that is described elsewhere.22

Additionally, the socio-medical assessment of patients including medical recommendations for further treatment and occupational reintegration (eg, further diagnostics, psychological support, lab/medication control, physiotherapy, CR Phase III, gradual resumption of work, functional training, occupational rehabilitation offers such as occupational retraining or education, assessment of employment limiting factors) by the CR cardiologist at CR discharge were taken from the electronic database. This assessment also includes work capacity as the primary outcome of this investigation. Work capacity was documented as a dichotomous variable with the categories of fit and unfit for work. Fit for work describes the condition when the patient is capable of performing his previous profession with a daily working capacity of more than 6 hrs (full-time) or 3–6 hrs (part time). Both entities were summarized as “fit for work”. This assessment is based on the clinical-cardiological, psychosocial and functional data at the end of the CR. Unfit for work means that the patient has a working capacity of less than 3 hrs for the job that he/she has performed until the cardiac event.

Ethics approval

According to the responsible Institutional Review Board (IRB; Landesärztekammer Brandenburg – State Medical Association of Brandenburg), no informed consent by patients and no approval by the IRB was required, since this study retrospectively investigates anonymous single-center routine data. All patient data were treated confidentially in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Statistics

Continuous variables are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables as absolute values and percentages. Group differences (normal vs negative occupational prognoses by WBS) were determined by independent samples t-test or Chi2 test. Work capacity (fit vs unfit) at discharge from CR as assessed by CR cardiologist was analyzed using a logistic regression model with stepwise backward selection to identify independent associations. Age, sex, the subjective occupational prognosis (categories: (1) patients’ negative expectations of RTW, (2) patients’ negative expectations of RTW and unemployment, (3) unemployment), sick leave before the cardiac event, cardiovascular diagnoses (eg, MI, valvular heart disease, PAD, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia), comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors (eg, DM, COPD, kidney disease, depression, spinal disease, smoking, obesity), procedures (eg, pacemaker/cardioverter defibrillator implantation, CABG, valve implantation, peripheral angioplasty) and functional and performance parameters (eg, heart rate, LVEF, 6MWT, max. exercise capacity, HADS) were taken into account in the modeling. The effect-size estimates (relative odds ratios [OR]) of the predicting variables are shown with 95% confidence intervals and p-values, with 5% as the level of statistical significance. Calculations were conducted using SPSS 24 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Population

About half of the patients (mean age: 52.7±6.7 years, 76% men) were admitted to CR after an acute MI (51%). 53% underwent a coronary stenting and 17% an elective or subsequent CABG. A valvular disease was documented in 13% of patients. The majority of patients (83%) were on sick leave before their cardiac event (Table 2).

Table 2

Baseline characteristics (N=884)

Parameter	Total	Occupational prognosis		P-value
	(n=884)	Normal (n=500)	Negative (n=384)
	M±SD/N (%)	M±SD/N (%)	M±SD/N (%)
Sociodemographic data
Age (years)	51.7±6.7	51.9±6.4	51.5±7.0	0.397
Sex (male)	676 (75.8)	398 (79.6)	278 (72.4)	0.012
Living alone	210 (23.8)	106 (21.3)	104 (27.2)	0.044
Sick leave before cardiac event	737 (83.4)	408 (81.6)	329 (85.7)	0.006
Cardiovascular diagnoses
Acute myocardial infarction	454 (51.4)	275 (55.0)	179 (46.6)	0.013
Valvular disease	117 (13.2)	67 (13.4)	50 (13.0)	0.869
Heart failure	46 (5.2)	27 (5.4)	19 (4.9)	0.764
PAD	148 (16.7)	73 (14.6)	75 (19.5)	0.052
Procedures
CRT/implantable cardioverter defibrillator	43 (4.9)	16 (3.2)	27 (7.0)	0.009
CABG	153 (17.3)	60 (12.0)	93 (24.2)	<0.001
Heart valve implantation	101 (11.4)	51 (10.2)	50 (13.0)	0.191
Coronary stenting	471 (53.3)	298 (59.6)	173 (45.1)	<0.001
Peripheral angioplasty	28 (3.2)	11 (2.2)	17 (4.4)	0.061
Comorbidities/risk factors
Diabetes mellitus	157 (17.8)	81 (16.2)	76 (19.8)	0.166
COPD	48 (5.4)	21 (4.2)	27 (7.0)	0.066
Kidney disease	28 (3.2)	11 (2.2)	17 (4.4)	0.061
Depression (diagnosed)	60 (6.8)	16 (3.2)	44 (11.5)	<0.001
Sleep apnea	36 (4.1)	14 (2.8)	22 (5.7)	0.029
Spinal disease	82 (9.3)	36 (7.2)	46 (12.0)	0.015
Smokers	345 (39.0)	216 (43.2)	129 (33.6)	0.004
Functional parameters
LVEF (%)	55.0±8.9	56.0±8.5	53.8±9.2	<0.001
Max. exercise capacity (Watt)	110.2±35.0	117.7±33.2	99.8±34.8	<0.001
6-min walk distance (meter)	403.2±74.8	420.8±61.8	380.1±83.7	<0.001
HADS-depression (point)	5.7±4.1	4.9±3.8	6.9±4.3	<0.001
HADS-anxiety (point)	6.7±4.3	5.9±4.0	7.7±4.4	<0.001

Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; PAD, peripheral artery disease.

Among the comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors, nicotine abuse was the most common diagnosis at 39%, followed by DM at 18%. 9% of patients suffered from back pain symptoms, and 7% had a depression diagnosis (Table 2).

Patient characteristics according to self-assessed occupational prognosis

Out of the investigated population, 384 patients (43%) were positively screened for a negative occupational prognosis by WBS. In this group, 368 patients (96%) had negative expectations of RTW after CR; 113 (29%) were unemployed before CR (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Proportion of patients with negative occupational prognosis according to Würzburger Screening in CR.

Abbreviations: CR, cardiac rehabilitation; Neg., negative; Pos., positive.

Patients with a negative occupational prognosis were more likely to be women (28% vs 20%, P=0.01), were more often on sick leave before the index event (86% vs 82%, P<0.01), and received a CABG in a higher proportion (24% vs 12%, P<0.01) than those with negative screening results. Further, affected patients suffered more frequently from a diagnosis of depression (12% vs 3%, P<0.01) and showed higher depression and anxiety values on the HADS overall. In addition, patients with a negative occupational prognosis revealed a reduced exercise capacity (Table 2).

Work capacity at rehabilitation discharge

At discharge from CR, 21% of patients with a negative occupational prognosis by WBS (n=81) were fit for work. In contrast, 35% of patients with a normal occupational prognosis were classified as fit for work by CR cardiologists upon discharge from CR (n=175, P<0.01).

The probability of achieving a positively assessed work capacity at discharge was reduced by sick leave before the cardiac event (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.6, P<0.01) and patients’ negative expectations of RTW (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.7, P<0.01). Further, a depression diagnosis was negatively associated with work capacity (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.8, P=0.01). Similarly, a cardiac surgery as well as several comorbidities (PAD, COPD, DM) limited work capacity at discharge. Unemployment in addition to negative expectations of RTW and higher physical performance (eg, LVEF, 6MWT, exercise capacity) were positively associated (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Predictors of work capacity at discharge from CR.

Notes: Forest plot shows the results of logistic regression modeling. Negative patient expectations of returning to work assessed by Würzburger Screening15 reduced the probability of being fit for work at discharge by 57%, sick leave before cardiac event by 62% and depression diagnosis by 68%, whereas a higher physical performance was positively associated with work capacity (total cases in the model n=772, employable n=249; 29%; Nagelkerke’s R2 0.324).

Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.

Regarding the recommendations for further treatment by clinicians at CR discharge, there were statistically significant differences for patients with normal and negative occupational prognoses, respectively, in psychological support (11% vs 2%, P<0.01), further diagnostics (29% vs 22%, P=0.03), lab/medication control (34% vs 28%, P=0.04) and occupational rehabilitation offers (10% vs 2%, P<0.01). In addition, group differences were found in the assessed factors that could potentially limit employment (mental/psychological resilience: 7% vs 2%, P<0.01, musculoskeletal restrictions: 39% vs 22%, P<0.01).

Discussion

In the present study, a remarkably high proportion of patients with negative occupational prognoses and, in particular, negative expectations regarding their return to work after CR were assessed. Streibelt & Brünger showed a 32% prevalence rate for a negative occupational prognosis in a CR population, with 16% of patients not expecting to return to work.23 In this investigation, patients in subsequent CR after acute coronary syndrome and cardiac revascularization or coronary bypass surgery were excluded. In another German single-center study, approximately 30% of younger patients (<50 years) stated that they probably or certainly expected problems with resuming their occupation following an acute cardiac event, whereas patients recovering from CABG or with severe comorbid disorders were not considered.24 A more comparable patient population was investigated in our own recent population, describing that only 17.5% of cases did not expect to return to work.3 However, the heterogeneous prevalence rates may result from the use of different screening tools or criteria for self-assessed occupational prognoses.

In general, patients with a negative occupational prognosis in the present analysis showed poorer health conditions at discharge as evidenced by comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus or musculoskeletal disorders after having had surgery or sick leave prior to the cardiac index event, as well as significantly lower physical and exercise capacity. In addition, psychological issues such as depression diagnoses as well as positive screening results were striking in this patient group. These findings were also reflected in the recommendations of cardiologists at CR discharge. Ultimately, negative expectations of RTW as well as depression and physical capacity were strongly associated with patients’ work capacity at discharge from CR.

The impact of the above-mentioned parameters such as comorbidities on vocational reintegration is well known.10,11 In particular, depression is an evident determinant of RTW,3,17,25 and later detachment from employment.26 Similarly, depression impairs exercise capacity both before and after three weeks of comprehensive rehabilitation, as Kazukauskiene et al explored in 223 patients with CHD.27 Thus, depression is of clinical prognostic significance.28,29 Apart from that, self-assessed occupational prognosis, physical capacity and work capacity are independent predictors of RTW in patients with cardiovascular diseases.3,5,17

Besides the significance of the single parameters, the reported data indicate a complex interdependent relationship. Statements about causality cannot be made. Even if there were no relevant interactions in statistical modeling due to insufficient power, a moderating or mediating linkage between psychosocial disorders and negatively self-assessed occupational prognosis is conceivable. Moreover, negative illness perception and resulting anxiety might force depression and non-expected RTW in this population.30 Also, from the patients’ point of view, RTW after an ACS seems to be a multi-factorial issue. Slebus et al demonstrated by means of a semi-structured telephone survey that patients see a multitude of hindering factors in terms of RTW.31 In this regard, the focus was on physical incapacity, comorbidities and mental incapacity.

Overall, the recent findings point to the need to consider contextual factors according to the biopsychosocial model following the ICF2 in CR. The assessment of patients’ expectations regarding return to work upon admission to CR seems to be a simple instrument for identifying vulnerable patients with a likely need for support by social workers and/or psychologists. The latter can be identified using a gradual psychodiagnostic program32 starting with a short standardized depression screening tool such as a short-version patient health questionnaire (PHQ),33 which is time-saving and can be easily conducted during the CR admission interview. A recent published review of the Working Group on Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation of the EAPC provides strategies and an algorithm for the interaction of CR professionals for the evaluation of work capacity and reintegration of patients after an acute coronary syndrome.8 Nonetheless, there is a need for long-term support concerning RTW after CR to help patients begin employment, as recent data also prove.26

Limitations

This analysis is limited due to the uni-centric retrospective design. In particular, there was no possibility to follow up with patients and their occupational status after discharge from CR. Second, patients’ data were from the clinical routine. Therefore, we cannot exclude coding and documentation errors. Furthermore, there are missing data on several mainly functional parameters. This reduced the power of the multivariable statistical analysis. Statistical modeling under consideration of parameter changes during CR and additional potential confounders was not feasible.

The proportion of female patients in the investigated population was low. It corresponds to previous studies and comparable investigations. Although the benefits of an effective CR are comparable for both genders, women are less likely to be enrolled in CR programs, especially after cardiac surgery. Underutilization of CR is mainly based on psychosocial and infrastructural barriers. Until now, the majority of information available about the cardiovascular benefits has been derived from studies predominantly investigating men, despite the fact that the rehabilitation process seems to play an ascertainable role in improving quality of life, exercise tolerance and optimization of risk factors in women as well, if specific needs of women during CR are considered.

Conclusion

A high proportion of patients in CR after a cardiac event expected not to return to work. As these patients often showed reduced physical performance and suffered from a high adverse psychosocial burden, negative self-assessment of the occupational prognosis seems to indicate a vulnerable patient population. In addition, patients’ expectation of returning to work is a predictor of employable discharge from CR. Therefore, affected patients should be identified already at admission to CR in order to facilitate a targeted psychosocial intervention.