Molecular and biomarker-based diagnostics in early sepsis: current challenges and future perspectives.

Introduction: Sepsis, defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from dysregulated host response to infection, is still a major challenge for healthcare systems. Early diagnosis is highly needed, yet challenging, due to the non-specificity of clinical symptoms. Rapid and targeted application of therapy strategies is crucial for patient's outcome.Areas covered: Faster and better diagnostics with high accuracy is promised by novel host response biomarkers and a wide variety of direct pathogen identification technologies, which have emerged over the last years. This review will cover both - host response-guided diagnostics and methods for direct pathogen detection. Some of the markers and technologies are already market-ready, others are more likely aspirants. We will discuss them in terms of their performance and benefit for use in clinical diagnostics.Expert opinion: Latest technological advances enable the development of promising diagnostic tests, detecting the host response as well as identifying pathogens without the need of cultivation. However, the syndrome's heterogeneity makes it difficult to develop a universal test suitable for routine use. Moreover, the robustness of the biomarkers and technologies still has to be verified. Combining these technologies and clinical routine parameters with bioinformatic methods (e.g., machine-learning algorithms) may revolutionize sepsis diagnostics.