High-efficiency biodegradation of chloramphenicol by enriched bacterial consortia: Kinetics study and bacterial community characterization.

The risk of environmental pollution caused by chloramphenicol has necessitated special attention. Biodegradation has tremendous potential for chloramphenicol removal in the environment. Six chloramphenicol-degrading consortia were acclimated under different culture conditions to investigate their chloramphenicol biodegradation behaviors, and the bacterial community structures were comprehensively characterized. The enriched consortia CL and CH which utilized chloramphenicol as their sole carbon and energy source could thoroughly degrade 120 mg/L chloramphenicol within 5 days, and the mineralization rate reached up to 90%. Chloramphenicol biodegradation kinetics by different enriched consortia fit the modified Gompertz model or the first-order decay model (R2≥0.97). Consortia CL could almost completely degrade 1-500 mg/L CAP with a final mineralization rate of 87.8-91.7%. Chloramphenicol 3-acetate was identified to be a major intermediate of CAP biodegradation by metabolite analysis and enzyme activity assay. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that the diversities and abundances of the main genera in the enriched consortia were distinct from each other. Forty-one core OTUs belonging to 18 genera were the core bacteria which might be related to chloramphenicol biodegradation. Among them, the genera Sphingomonas, Chryseobacterium, Cupriavidus, Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, and Afipia with high abundance may play potential roles for chloramphenicol biodegradation.