Felix Stader1,2,3, Hannah Kinvig4, Melissa A Penny5,6, Manuel Battegay7,6, Marco Siccardi4, Catia Marzolini7,6. 1. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Felix.Stader@unibas.ch. 2. Infectious Disease Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. Felix.Stader@unibas.ch. 3. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Felix.Stader@unibas.ch. 4. Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 5. Infectious Disease Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. 6. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 7. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Medication use is highly prevalent with advanced age, but clinical studies are rarely conducted in the elderly, leading to limited knowledge regarding age-related pharmacokinetic changes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate which pharmacokinetic parameters determine drug exposure changes in the elderly by conducting virtual clinical trials for ten drugs (midazolam, metoprolol, lisinopril, amlodipine, rivaroxaban, repaglinide, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, clarithromycin and rifampicin) using our physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) framework. METHODS: PBPK models for all ten drugs were developed in young adults (20-50 years) following the best practice approach, before predicting pharmacokinetics in the elderly (≥ 65 years) without any modification of drug parameters. A descriptive relationship between age and each investigated pharmacokinetic parameter (peak concentration [Cmax], time to Cmax [tmax], area under the curve [AUC], clearance, volume of distribution, elimination-half-life) was derived using the final PBPK models, and verified with independent clinically observed data from 52 drugs. RESULTS: The age-related changes in drug exposure were successfully simulated for all ten drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted within 1.25-fold (70%), 1.5-fold (86%) and 2-fold (100%) of clinical data. AUC increased progressively by 0.9% per year throughout adulthood from the age of 20 years, which was explained by decreased clearance, while Cmax, tmax and volume of distribution were not affected by human aging. Additional clinical data of 52 drugs were contained within the estimated variability of the established age-dependent correlations for each pharmacokinetic parameter. CONCLUSION: The progressive decrease in hepatic and renal blood flow, as well as glomerular filtration, rate led to a reduced clearance driving exposure changes in the healthy elderly, independent of the drug.
BACKGROUND: Medication use is highly prevalent with advanced age, but clinical studies are rarely conducted in the elderly, leading to limited knowledge regarding age-related pharmacokinetic changes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate which pharmacokinetic parameters determine drug exposure changes in the elderly by conducting virtual clinical trials for ten drugs (midazolam, metoprolol, lisinopril, amlodipine, rivaroxaban, repaglinide, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, clarithromycin and rifampicin) using our physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) framework. METHODS: PBPK models for all ten drugs were developed in young adults (20-50 years) following the best practice approach, before predicting pharmacokinetics in the elderly (≥ 65 years) without any modification of drug parameters. A descriptive relationship between age and each investigated pharmacokinetic parameter (peak concentration [Cmax], time to Cmax [tmax], area under the curve [AUC], clearance, volume of distribution, elimination-half-life) was derived using the final PBPK models, and verified with independent clinically observed data from 52 drugs. RESULTS: The age-related changes in drug exposure were successfully simulated for all ten drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted within 1.25-fold (70%), 1.5-fold (86%) and 2-fold (100%) of clinical data. AUC increased progressively by 0.9% per year throughout adulthood from the age of 20 years, which was explained by decreased clearance, while Cmax, tmax and volume of distribution were not affected by human aging. Additional clinical data of 52 drugs were contained within the estimated variability of the established age-dependent correlations for each pharmacokinetic parameter. CONCLUSION: The progressive decrease in hepatic and renal blood flow, as well as glomerular filtration, rate led to a reduced clearance driving exposure changes in the healthy elderly, independent of the drug.
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