Pre-analytics and tumor heterogeneity.

When dealing with pre-analytics for tissues, it is often that case that tissue heterogeneity, and particularly tumor heterogeneity, is not taken into account as a preliminary condition for obtaining reproducible results in molecular analysis at the diagnostics and clinical research levels. It is well known that when sampling tumor tissues in different areas, for example the border or the central area of the tumor, different genes are expressed and, due to polyclonality in most tumors, different areas can have different DNA and epigenetic alterations. For this reason, it is extremely important to establish and standardize specific tissue sampling protocols for molecular extraction as well as in situ molecular methods. A correct approach to heterogeneity is the basis for a more reproducible and exchangeable type of molecular analysis that can provide useful information at the prognostic and predictive levels. Heterogeneity should also be taken into consideration during cancer treatment, since therapy modifies the clonal composition of tumors. Here, the different types of tumor heterogeneity and the improper pre-analytical conditions in tissue processing that can generate heterogeneous artefacts are described.