Public Awareness, Beliefs, And Attitudes Toward Bipolar Disorder In Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To examine public's knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward bipolar disorder (BP) in Saudi Arabia (SA).
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed in 2016 in Riyadh, SA. The survey included sociodemographic characteristics and BP awareness scale.
RESULTS: Of 416 participants, 49.5% had prior knowledge of BP, mainly from internet and social media, and 57% considered it to be common in SA. About half believed BP is caused by a neurophysiological or neurochemical imbalance and that it can be treated with psychiatric medications. Supernatural causes, weak faith, and weakness of character were considered causes of BP by 55%, 48%, and 40% of participants, respectively. Recreational activities and head bandaging by traditional therapists were considered viable treatment options by 55% and 41% of participants, respectively. Students and healthcare professionals scored significantly higher on awareness scale. Regarding attitude, a majority believed that persons with BP can work effectively ‎(86%)‎, have to pull themselves together to get over it (47%), and consider it a shame to mention that someone in a family is affected by BP (32%). Regarding relationships, 22% were not willing to maintain a friendship and 39.3% were not willing to marry someone with BP.
CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed suboptimal public awareness towards BP in SA. It identified several misconceptions and negative attitudes toward patients with BP. Further studies are needed to investigate potential public interventions to improve literacy of BP.

Introduction

Bipolar disorder (BP) is a mental disorder that consists of manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes or manic episodes separated by periods of a stable mood. Manic episodes include elevated or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, inflated self-esteem, and a decreased need for sleep.1 Lifetime prevalence of BP is 1.0% for BP-I, 1.1% for BP-II, and 2.4% for subthreshold BP.2 BP is a debilitating disorder due to its early onset, severity, and chronicity.3 Moreover, there is huge caregivers’ burden related to patient behavior and patients’ and caregivers’ role dysfunction.4

The general public’s beliefs and attitudes toward mental illness may affect the level of care and treatment those with the illness receive.5 The public’s knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward BP are discussed extensively in the literature. A study in the United Kingdom explored the beliefs of lay people about the cause and treatment of BP. Brain’s chemical imbalance, drug use, emotional childhood trauma, and genetics were the most highly reported causes.6 A study in Spain7 on the opinions and beliefs about schizophrenia and BP found that 72% of the Spanish population endorsed psychological treatments as an effective therapeutic choice. This study also demonstrated prevalent concerns, including social rejection and lack of information and resources. Furthermore, more than half of participants in the first national survey of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward BP in France8 cited stressful life events, lifestyle/environment, and drugs and alcohol abuse as the most important risk factors for BP, whereas one-quarter of participants selected genetic factors. Although both biomedical and psychosocial causes of BP were endorsed over fate causes by United Kingdom residents,9 this may not be same in other cultures that have supernatural beliefs.

In a Saudi Arabia, a misunderstanding of psychiatric disorders was demonstrated by the staff in general hospital.10 Poor knowledge and negative attitudes were reported by both doctors and patients in another Saudi general hospital, which negatively influenced the referral rates.11 A qualitative research conducted in Saudi primary healthcare centers has reported traditions, cultural norms as a main reason of stigma associated with psychiatric disorders. In addition, other significant reasons of stigma were reported, e.g. fear the reaction of psychiatric patients, lack of community awareness about psychiatric disorders and the role of psychiatrist, belief that psychiatric disorders cannot be cured, and that psychiatric disorders are hereditary. Whether patients will seek psychiatric help for BP also varies. The participants in the qualitative research have frequently mentioned seeking help from family or friends before consulting psychiatrist. On the other hand, going to “sheiks” (religious people) for Qur’an treatment was also reported.12 Regarding patients with BP, a study from Egypt conducted on patients with BP showed that 40.8% sought help from traditional healers before seeking psychiatric services.13 Other studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and Sudan have also reported patients with BP as being among visitors to traditional healers who interpret psychiatric disorders as being caused by spiritual and supernatural causes, e.g. jinn, evil eye, and witchcraft. This likely represents an important cause of delay in seeking psychiatric services, which may worsen the patients’ prognosis.14–17 Due to lack of data from Saudi Arabia, the objective of this study was to determine the public’s knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward BP.

Materials And Methods

Study Design

Data for this study were obtained using a cross-sectional survey during September and October, 2016. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Faculty of Medicine at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants after a detailed explanation of the aims of the study.

Sample Population

This study included both male and female, who are Arabic speakers over 17 years old currently living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Survey participants under the age of 18 were permitted and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Faculty of Medicine at King Saud University. People without the capacity to consent were excluded.

Recruitment

Eighteen medical students were trained to distribute the questionnaire to the residents of all regions of Riyadh (North, South, East, West). Medical students had small booths in shopping malls, public parks, hospitals, and on the walkway streets. Participants were selected conveniently.

Data Collection

A data collection tool was constructed from the literature on assessing mental health literacy in Arab regions.18–21 It was adapted mainly from a validated questionnaire which has been used in Saudi study on depression literacy with its parametrized answers.18 We chose items that assess BP awareness based on causes and treatments. We also added items that assess beliefs and attitudes toward people with BP. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic, approved by four psychiatrists, and then tested for both comprehension and readability by 20 subjects who were not included in the study. The time required to complete the survey was targeted to be around five minutes.

The final questionnaire consisted of the following sections: 1) sociodemographic characteristics including age, gender, marital status, nationality, educational level, and working status; 2) BP awareness based on: a) information had two items, b) sources of information used by participants were structured from none to eight potential sources (internet, social media, television, newspapers/magazines, leaflets/posters, hospitals/clinics, pharmacist/chemist, and relatives/friends/spouses), c) knowledge about the causes of BP had nine items, and d) knowledge about the treatment of BP had ten items; and 3) beliefs and attitudes toward patients with BP. Responses for BP awareness (Sections a–d) were either “yes” or “no”. Responses for beliefs and attitudes toward patients with BP were: “strongly agree,” “agree,” “neutral,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree”. The scale of BP awareness was created from the sum of responses to the 21 items in Sections a, c, d. Positive responses were considered by answering “yes” to the positive statements: 2 items in section (a), 7 items in section (c), and 3 items in section (d). On the other hand, positive responses were considered by answering “no” to incorrect statements; 2 items in section (c) and 7 items in section (d). The 21 statements are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1

Percentages Of Positive Responses Toward Bipolar Awareness, Including Information And Knowledge (N=416)

Item Number	Statements	Positive Response (%)
	Information
1	Heard about Bipolar Disorder*	49.5
2	Bipolar is a common disorder in Saudi Arabia*	57.0
	Causes of Bipolar
3	Neurophysiologic or neurochemical imbalance*	45.2
4	Certain medical conditions, e.g. Cancer, Diabetes, Heart diseases, hypothyroidism *	26.0
5	Heredity or genetic*	34.1
6	Unhealthy lifestyle*	50.2
7	Weakness of character, e.g. Weak personality	59.9
8	Substance abuse	49.0
9	Medications*	23.1
10	Weak faith	52.2
11	Traumatic event in life, e.g. Death of a close one, physical injury, theft, disaster, etc.*	59.9
	Treatment of Bipolar
12	Psychiatric medications (e.g. antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, sedatives)*	47.6
13	Talk to family or friends	48.1
14	Head bandage by traditional therapist	58.7
15	Smoking	96.6
16	Having an occasional alcoholic drink	96.9
17	Amphetamine or Hash	97.4
18	Electroconvulsive therapy under psychiatrist supervision*	12.7
19	Using brief counselling therapies (e.g. cognitive and/or behavioral therapies)*	44.0
20	Hitting and choking by faith healers	97.8
21	Involve in recreational activities	46.4

Notes: *Indicates positive statements, where positive responses were given for agreement. As the rest of statements were incorrect, positive responses were given for disagreement.

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS 22; IBM Corp., New York, NY, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables were expressed as percentages. A Student’s t-test was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Because bipolar awareness score had a normal distribution, participants scoring more than or equal to the mean score of 12 points (~>70%) were defined arbitrary as bipolar literate.18 The differences in BP awareness were examined by sociodemographic characteristics, using BP awareness score ≤12 as a low awareness and BP awareness score >12 as a high awareness, which is illustrated in Table 2. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Low score (≤12) for BP awareness was used as an outcome (dependent variable) while sociodemographic variables were used as predictors (independent variables). Variables that were significant in univariate analysis were adjusted in multivariate analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Table 2

Univariate And Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis To Predict Poor Bipolar Awareness Using Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=416)

Variables	Low Awareness(Score ≤12)*		High Awareness(Score >12)		Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis**
	N	(%)	N	(%)	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Age
<25 years	109	(40.1)	70	(48.6)	1.0	0.50–2.17
25–44 years	133	(48.9)	54	(37.5)	1.7	0.78–3.46
≥45 years	30	(11.0)	20	(13.9)	1.0
Gender
Male	112	(41.2)	49	(34.0)	1.4	0.89–2.07
Female	160	(58.9)	95	(65.97)	1.0
Marital Status
Married	142	(52.21)	47	(35.34)	1.5***	1.01–2.31	1.08	0.56–2.06
Single	130	(47.79)	86	(64.66)	1.0		1.0
Nationality
Non-Saudi	60	(22.1)	13	(9.0)	2.6***	1.40–4.87	1.22	0.56–2.66
Saudi	212	(77.9)	131	(90.97)	1.0		1.0
Educational level
High school or less	82	(30.2)	23	(15.97)	2.0***	1.20–3.36	1.93	0.98–3.79
College and above	190	(69.9)	121	(84.0)	1.0		1.0
Monthly income
Less than 5000 SR	119	(43.8)	79	(54.9)	1.8	0.78–2.82	1.89	0.77–4.62
5000–10,000 SR	93	(34.19)	16	(11.1)	2.2***	1.41–6.00	2.08	0.91–4.75
10,000–15,000 SR	30	(11.0)	17	(11.8)	1.5	0.66–3.58	1.52	0.58–3.94
More than 15,000 SR	30	(11.0)	32	(22.2)	1.0		1.0
Career status
Student	68	(25)	75	(52.1)	1.0		1.0
Employed	139	(51.1)	52	(36.1)	2.7***	1.69–1.69	2.44***	1.13–5.27
Unemployed	65	(23.9)	17	(11.8)	3.6***	1.89–6.65	2.80***	1.10–7.11
Healthcare professions status
Yes	35	(48.6)	37	(51.4)	1.0		1.0
No	237	(68.9)	107	(31.1)	2.3***	1.40–3.92	2.15***	1.14–4.04

Notes: *The outcome is low awareness (BP awareness score ≤12). **Multivariate analysis is adjusted for the significant variables in univariate analysis including marital status, nationality, educational level, career, health professional status, and monthly income. ***Significant (p<0.05).

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Results

Sociodemographic Characteristics

Of the 542 questionnaires distributed, 416 were completed (response rate of 76.75%). The demographic characteristics of the surveyed population are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Socio-Demographic Characteristics (N=416)

Characteristics	Number*	%*
1- Age (Mean ± SD)*	29.5 ± 10.7
2- Gender
Male	161	38.7
Female	255	61.3
3- Marital Status
Single	215	51.7
Married	190	45.7
Divorced	6	1.4
Widowed	5	1.2
4- Nationality
Saudi	343	82.5
Non-Saudi	73	17.5
5- Educational level
No formal education	5	1.2
Elementary school education	3	0.7
Intermediate school education	17	4.1
High school education	81	19.5
Diploma degree	28	6.7
Bachelor degree	250	60.1
Master degree	26	6.3
PhD degree	5	1.2
Other	1	0.2
6- Career
Student	138	33.2
Employed	194	46.6
Unemployed	84	20.2
7- Health professional status
Yes	141	33.9
No	275	66.1
8- Monthly income
Less than 5000 SR	191	45.9
5000–10,000SR	123	29.6
10,000–15,000SR	47	11.3
More than 15,000 SR	55	13.2

Notes: *Number and percentage except otherwise marked; mean ± standard deviation.

BP Awareness Based On Information And Knowledge

Table 1 displays the positive responses from the 21-items scale provided by the participants on BP awareness based on information and knowledge about causes and treatments. Of the 416 participants, 50.5% had heard about BP, mainly from the internet (22.4%), social media (13%), and spouse/partner/relatives/friends (9.4%), while only 7% had heard it from clinics or hospitals. Moreover, 50% think that BP is common in Saudi Arabia. About half (45.2%) of the participants believed that neurophysiological or neurochemical imbalance is a cause of BP and 47.6% believed that psychiatric medications are a treatment for BP. In terms of BP origin, heredity or genetics was considered by 34.1% of participants and certain medical conditions were considered by 26% of them. Almost half of the participants believed that substance abuse is a cause of BP and most of them believed that smoking, having an occasional alcoholic drink, and amphetamine or hash use are not valid treatments to be used for BP (96.6%, 96.9%, and 97.4%, respectively). In addition, a traumatic life event, e.g., death of a close one, physical injury, theft, and other disaster, was considered as a cause of BP by 59.9% of the participants. Using brief counseling therapies (e.g. cognitive and/or behavioral therapies) was considered to be a treatment for BP by 44% of the participants. Less than half of the participants believed that weakness of character and a weak faith represented causes of BP, at 40.1% and 47.8%, respectively. Moreover, supernatural causes of BP were mentioned in addition to the provided scale, e.g. evil eye, magic, and jinn possessions at 19.2%, 18.8%, and 17.1%, respectively. On the other hand, prayer and faith-healing were mentioned as treatments for BP by 66.6% and 42.3% of the participants, respectively.

Differences In The Awareness Of BP Based On Sociodemographic Characteristics

Using univariate analysis, all sociodemographic characteristics except age and gender were significantly associated with low awareness (BP awareness score ≤12). In multivariate analysis adjusted for the significant variables in univariate analysis including marital status, nationality, educational level, career, health professional status, and monthly income, only career status and healthcare professional status were significantly associated with low awareness (Table 2). As indicated by adjusted odds ratios, students and healthcare professionals had significantly higher levels of awareness about BP (Table 2). Students earned significantly higher numbers of positive responses in seven items compared to the employed or unemployed participants. Three items were from the causes of BP: “Neurophysiologic or neurochemical imbalances,” “Medications,” and “Weak faith” (p-value <0.001, 0.005, and 0.013, respectively). The other four items were from the treatments of BP: “Psychiatric medications,” “Having an occasional alcoholic drink,” “Electroconvulsive therapy under psychiatrist supervision,” and “Hitting or choking by faith healer” (p-value <0.001, 0.049, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Healthcare professionals also showed significantly more positive responses on four items compared to non-healthcare professionals. “Neurophysiologic or neurochemical imbalances” and “Medications” were endorsed by 66.7% and 33.3% of healthcare professionals as causes of BP compared to 40.7% and 20.9% of non-healthcare professionals (p-value <0.001 and 0.023, respectively). “Psychiatric medications” and “Using brief counseling therapies” were endorsed by 62.5% and 55.6% of healthcare professionals as treatments for BP compared to 44.5% and 41.6% of non-healthcare professionals (p-value 0.005 and 0.030, respectively). In general, the level of awareness toward BP was not affected by the level of education. Nevertheless, compared with participants with lower education (high school or less), the participants with higher education (college and above) believed less that certain medical conditions may cause BP (22.3% versus 37.3%; p-value 0.003), believed more that certain medications may cause BP (25.7% versus 15.7%; p-value 0.039), and believed more that BP can be treated with psychiatric medications (50.7% versus 34.3%; p-value 0.004).

Attitudes And Beliefs About BP

For approaches to patients with BP, a substantial number (85.8%) believed that a person with BP can work effectively, 46.7% believed that patients with BP have to pull themselves together to get over it, and 31.8% considered it a shame to mention that someone in the family has BP. Regarding having a relationship with person with BP, 21.9% were not willing to maintain a friendship with someone with BP, 39.3% were not willing to marry a person who was previously diagnosed with BP, 19% were not willing to marry a person who has family members diagnosed with BP, and 16.8% would not consider telling their future spouse if they were diagnosed with BP (Table 4).

Table 4

Attitudes And Beliefs About Bipolar Disorder (N=416)

In Your Opinion:	Agreement Percentage
If someone is suffering from bipolar, he/she has to pull him/herself together for getting over it	46.7
A person with bipolar disorder can work effectively	85.8
It is a shame to mention that someone in a family has bipolar disorder	31.8
You would not be willing to maintain a friendship with someone with bipolar disorder	21.9
You would not be willing to marry a person who was previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder	39.3
You would not be willing to marry a person who has family members diagnosed with bipolar disorder	19
You would not tell your future spouse if you were diagnosed with bipolar disorder	16.8

Discussion

This study represents the first community-based survey of current public information, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward BP in Saudi Arabia. This study showed that the internet and social media (35.4%) were major sources of information about BP, instead of clinics or hospitals (7%). This is not surprising as 77% of patients with BP reported using the internet to look up information about BP in an international multisite survey.22 Similarly, in the Arab world, there is a high interest in searching for online health information due to its fast and easy accessibility.23–25 However, the lack of reliable and credible Arabic online health information has led to improving the quality of the Arabic health web through launching the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Arabic Health Encyclopedia website by the National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), in collaboration with the Health On the Net Foundation (HON) and the World Health Organization (WHO). This Encyclopedia has multiple articles about mental health, including BP.26 Such certified websites need more advertisement on the internet to be used by the general population.

The causes of BP cited by the Saudi population in this study, in descending order, were: traumatic life event, unhealthy lifestyle, substance abuse, neurophysiological or neurochemical imbalance, and heredity or genetics. These results are similar to those found in the United Kingdom and France.6,8,9 On the other hand, the highly endorsed treatments for BP by the Saudi population were: psychiatric medications and brief counseling therapies, which are also similar to the United Kingdom and Spain.6,7,9

However, in our study, supernatural beliefs and weak faith were endorsed by half of the participants as causes of BP. Therefore, unsurprisingly, prayer and faith-healing ‎were highly endorsed as a treatment for BP. Head bandaging by a traditional therapist was also a highly recognized treatment for BP. In this historical traditional method, a bandage is applied to the head, usually by wrap-around technique, that uses bony prominences as anchors or stays in order to treat mental illnesses.27 As per some traditional therapists’ claims, this will prevent any air from entering between the skin and the scalp which may cause headache and other neuropsychiatric and somatic complaints.28 Comparable findings from a study conducted in Saudi Arabia investigating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among visitors to faith healers reported that 12.3% of participants attributed their psychiatric illnesses to evil eye, magic (5.5%), social and financial stress (16.5%), and 49.3% reported more than one of the aforementioned reasons. However, none of the participants attributed psychiatric illness to a biological reason. In the same study, the most commonly used treatment was the Holy Quran (95.9%) and using blessed water (71.3%).15 In an Egyptian study, 40.8% of the patients with BP sought traditional faith healers and, of those, 62.2% did so before seeking psychiatric services.13 Also, a study conducted in Sudan reported that 20.7% attributed their mental illness to jinn, 19.3% to Shiatan, 28.4% to evil spirits, and 43.7% to magic.14 The belief in supernatural causes could be explained by poor knowledge about psychiatric conditions, projections, and defense mechanisms from the patients and their relatives to blame their problem on an external influence (supernatural causes), to relieve their guilty feelings regarding their responsibility for their illness, and to avoid the stigma associated with mental disorders and psychiatric medications.17 As faith healers are highly appreciated and trusted by general population, we suggest to establish a mutually respectful relationship between mental health providers and faith healers, form a two-way dialogue to understand each other, in addition to licensing faith healers to formalize their practice, as well as educating them and promoting their training needs to recognize common psychiatric symptoms and refer in need patients to clinical care.15,17,29 These practitioners can also have a great impact on patients, so their role should not be neglected, and they should work in collaboration with the health mental system as per the WHO.30

In our study, we found that only 12.7% believe that ECT can treat BP despite it being a safe and highly effective tool to manage BP that is severe, treatment resistant, or occurs during pregnancy.31 Brief educational intervention has been found to improve ECT knowledge and attitudes toward ECT.32 Nevertheless, ECT, but not antidepressant medication utilization, is associated with global government expenditures on mental health. In Saudi Arabia, although the overall health budget has been increasing annually, there is still no independent budget for mental health.33

Although the mortality rate for serious mental illnesses, including BP, was not significantly associated with recreational activities,34 involvement in recreational activities was highly endorsed as a treatment for BP in our study. Also, almost half of the participants in our study believe that if someone has BP, he/she has to pull him/herself together to get over it. These results hint at the tendency of underestimating the seriousness of BP and blaming the patient for having the illness.

Adjusted estimates from our study showed that students and healthcare professionals had significantly higher awareness about BP, especially in terms of causes and treatments. Similar findings were reported by other studies that showed both psychiatrists and nurses had greater biopsychosocial understandings of mental illness than the lay public, likely from their training and experience.35 Another study showed that non-physician mental health clinicians were generally knowledgeable about BP but less knowledgeable about the pharmacotherapy for treating it.36 Also, a Saudi study found that males with lower levels of education and income were more likely to use faith-healing.37 It calls to attention the high rate of bachelor’s degrees in the sample (60%), which is comparable to the results of the demographic survey of Saudi Arabia that was done by the General Authority for Statistics in 2016, and showed that (52.7%) of Saudi population have high level of education (high school and above).38 The increased knowledge among students may be attributed to their frequent chatting, discussion, and file sharing on social network sites.39 These findings support the benefit of extending the training efforts of health clinicians (physician and non-physician)36 and of developing reliable information about BP for student and healthcare professionals on social networks using professional channels.

Although our study reflected the positive attitudes and beliefs about BP in terms of ability to work effectively (85.8%), a recent study conducted in Saudi Arabia on stigma in mood disorders found that 66% of people with BP were unemployed mainly due to psychiatric or medical problems.40 In the social domain, negative attitudes in our study included (in descending order): being unwilling to marry a person who was previously diagnosed with BP, considering it a shame to mention that someone in the family has BP, being unwilling to maintain a friendship with someone with BP, to marry a person who has family members diagnosed with BP, or to tell their future spouse if they were diagnosed with BP. These negative attitudes about marriage may be explained by believing in heredity or genetic causes of BP, which was endorsed by a third of the participants. Similarly, a previous qualitative research study in Saudi Arabia revealed that the widely held belief that psychiatric disorders were either hereditary or incurable was a reason behind their stigma. Other potential reasons for the stigma held by the Saudi community that may contribute to the negative attitudes found in our study include traditions, cultural norms, upbringing, lack of public awareness, and fear of aggression and violence from psychiatric patients (Koura et al, 2012). The experience of stigma in Saudi Arabia has affected patients with BP in terms of their quality of life (36%), ability to interact with family (24%), and ability to make or keep friends (20%). Patients with BP also think that the average person is afraid of someone with a serious mental illness (48%) and they try to avoid situations that may be stigmatizing (56%) (Alateeq et al, 2018). This may lead them to stop taking their medications prior to marriage – which is a stressful event – resulting in relapses during their honeymoon. Also, getting married in a conservative Islamic country like Saudi Arabia, where a man will usually marry a woman without a prior personal relationship, may lead people to not choose a future wife who has a psychiatric disorder. Eventually, this may contribute to a high rate of being spouseless among patients with psychiatric illnesses in Saudi Arabia.41 Moreover, higher levels of burden and depressed mood and lower levels of social support were associated with more perceived stigma among caregivers.42 Therefore, it is crucial to consider the caregivers of patients with BP in addition to the patients themselves.

Limitations

Although our study represents the first community-based survey of BP literacy among residents of the largest city in Saudi Arabia, we acknowledge a number of limitations. One of them is the convenient sampling of only one city in Saudi Arabia, which may limit generalizability of the study finding. Moreover, the cross-sectional design precludes making causal conclusions. Also, face validity was used as the main form of validity, which is a weak form of validity. It is subjective and cannot be quantified. Future studies should be longitudinal prospective ones, have a more representative samples, and use well-validated survey.

Conclusions

This study is the first national survey in Saudi Arabia to document some of the misconceptions in public information, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about BP. The internet and social media were the participant’s major sources of information, which highlights the need to support and improve the quality of and advertisement for Arabic online health information due to the fast and easily accessible nature of these sources. The impact of using social networking sites may also explain the high levels of awareness about BP’s causes and treatments among students and healthcare professions in addition to their training and experience. Although the general population showed positive responses about BP’s causes and treatments, supernatural beliefs are still predominant, which emphasizes the role of faith healers. Based on our findings, faith healers should be educated on the detection and treatment of mental diseases. When necessary, they can then refer patients to the mental health specialists and prevent any further delay in seeking help and appropriate treatment. Implementing a national community awareness program may raise the level of awareness through mass media communication strategies and schools’ curriculum resources.43–45 However, further studies are needed to investigate which potential public interventions will best improve the literacy of ‎BP and other mental illnesses.