The Influence of Classroom Physical Activity Participation and Time on Task on Academic Achievement.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the impact of classroom-based physically active lessons on time-on-task. Secondarily, determine the relationship of time-on-task with academic achievement controlling for key demographic variables.
METHODS: Seventeen elementary schools were cluster randomized to receive classroom physical activity (A+PAAC, N=9) or control (i.e., no physical activity, N=8) for a 3-year trial. Teachers were trained to deliver physically active lessons with moderate-to-vigorous intensity targeting 100 minutes per week. Outcome measures included academic achievement (Weschler Individual Achievement Test-III), administered at baseline and repeated each spring for 3 years, time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and time spent on task (TOT) pre- and post-physical activity. Multilevel modeling was utilized to estimate the impacts of percent time spent in MVPA and percent TOT post-lesson on academic achievement and the change in these impacts over 3 years, accounting for dependency among observations and covariates including age, gender, race, free or reduced lunch, BMI, and fitness.
RESULTS: A greater percentage of time performing MVPA were each significantly associated with higher math scores (p=.034) and spelling scores (p<.001), but not reading scores. Academic achievement was not associated with TOT.
CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that a greater percentage of time spent participating in MVPA results in higher math scores and spelling scores, but not reading scores, independent of TOT. Future studies should continue to evaluate the influence of physically active classroom lessons on time spent on task and its impact on academic achievement. Furthermore, strategies are needed to maximize impact and to determine the sustainability of physical activity's effect on classroom behavior and academic achievement.