A Framework For Step Down Or Therapeutic Re-Organization For Withdrawal Of Inhaled Corticosteroids In Selected Patients With COPD: A Proposal For COPD Management.

While chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, pharmacological therapy has a definite benefit on symptoms as well as the frequency and severity of exacerbations, and general health. The most recent Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend triple therapy (long-acting beta2 agonists [LABA] + long-acting muscarinic antagonists [LAMA] + inhaled corticosteroids [ICS]) only for patients with exacerbations, elevated eosinophils, and without control using a LABA/LAMA or ICS/LABA combination. Long-term monotherapy with ICS is not currently recommended, but may be considered in association with LABAs in patients with a history of exacerbations and elevated eosinophils in spite of appropriate treatment with long-acting bronchodilators. However, long-term use of ICS in combination therapy has been associated with adverse effects, even if widely used in routine management for decades. The available evidence suggests that ICS can be rationally discontinued in patients with stable disease and is not likely to have unfavorable effects on lung function, overall health, or be associated with a greater risk of exacerbations. Indeed, it is widely accepted that ICS therapy should be limited to a small proportion of patients after careful assessment of the individual risk-benefit profile. Unfortunately, however, there are no international recommendations that provide specific guidance or a protocol for withdrawal of ICS. Herein, the available evidence on the use of ICS is reviewed and an easy to use tool is proposed that can provide clinicians with a simple management scheme to guide the most appropriate therapy for management of COPD and use of ICS. In management of COPD, a highly personalized approach is advocated so that the most appropriate therapy for each individual patient can be selected.

Introduction

Despite advances in therapy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major cause of both morbidity and mortality.1,2 Pharmacological therapy for COPD has a definite positive impact on the disease as it can improve symptoms and the frequency and severity of exacerbations, and ameliorate both exercise tolerance and general health.3 At present, the principal options for management of COPD include a relatively small number of drug classes, namely bronchodilators (short- and long-acting beta2 agonists [SABAs, and LABAs], short- and long-acting muscarinic antagonists [SAMAs, and LAMAs]), along with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and PDE-4 inhibitors.

The main goals of therapy for COPD are prevention and control of symptoms, diminish both frequency and severity of exacerbations, and to improve exercise tolerance and the overall quality of life. Monotherapy with a long-acting bronchodilator has the potential to increase lung function and symptoms, as well as enhance exercise performance and reduce the number of exacerbations.4,5 Concomitant administration of LABA/LAMA significantly improves lung function vs a single bronchodilator.6

The most recent update of the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) recommends triple therapy (ICS + LABA + LAMA) only for patients with exacerbations and elevated eosinophil levels who are not controlled with a LABA/LAMA or ICS/LABA combination.3 Given that the agents used in triple therapy all have dissimilar mechanisms of action, this provides the basis for their concomitant use to optimize the prevention of exacerbation and potential clinical benefits according to pivotal studies.7,8 Today, triple therapy is used extensively, and according to a recent review on general practice in the UK over a 5-year period (2004 to 2009), the use of triple therapy more than doubled in patients with very severe COPD.9 Moreover, a real-world study in Italy showed that 6.3% of patients with newly diagnosed disease were prescribed triple inhaled therapy with ICSs, and that 42% of these patients initiated triple therapy at diagnosis; in that study, older male gender and use of ICS/LABA FDC at diagnosis appeared to correlate most with prescription of triple therapy.10 In support of such a strategy, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that, compared to monotherapy or dual therapy, triple therapy is associated with fewer moderate or severe exacerbations of COPD and improved lung function.11

In the current GOLD recommendations, it is acknowledged that there is a lack of high-quality evidence that supports the initial strategies for pharmacological treatment in patients with newly diagnosed COPD.3 In the 2019 GOLD update, ICS are now recommended as the first choice only for some patients belonging to GOLD group D, and only in combination with LABAs (Figure 1).3 Long-term monotherapy with ICS is not presently recommended, but can be considered when associated with LABAs in those with a history of exacerbations and elevated eosinophils in spite of adequate therapy with long-acting bronchodilators.3 However, it is worthwhile noting that long-term use of ICS in either dual or triple therapy has been associated with some complications and adverse effects,12–14 even if they are widely used in routine management of patients for many years. As also stated in the GOLD guidelines, ICS may increase the risk of side effects including pneumonia.3 Thus, there remains ongoing concern over the long-term use of ICS, despite their recommend use when combined with long-acting bronchodilators in individuals who are at increased risk of exacerbation. Indeed, ICS are still routinely prescribed to the most patients with COPD at high risk of exacerbations and elevated eosinophils, even if GOLD criteria for their administration are not met.15,16

Figure 1

GOLD 2019 algorithms for initial pharmacological treatment of COPD. aConsider if highly symptomatic (e.g. CAT>20). bConsider if eosinophils > 300 cells/μL.

Note: Reprinted with permission from: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2019 Report. Available from: . Accessed September 10, 2019.3 ©2019 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Available from: .

Unfortunately, at present, there are no international recommendations that provide specific guidance for deprescribing ICS, despite the evidence suggesting that they can be withdrawn in many patients. Herein, the available evidence on the use of ICS is reviewed before proposing a simple management scheme to guide the most appropriate therapy for management of COPD and use of ICS.

Patient Phenotypes And ICS Withdrawal

Given the wide range of COPD patient phenotypes and clinical presentations, with potentially diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, it is not likely that all patient subtypes will benefit from ICS, which may in part explain some of the discrepant results in the literature. There is, in fact, increasing evidence that patients with some phenotypes may benefit more than others from the addition of ICS to treatment regimens. In particular, it appears likely that those with asthma–COPD overlap (ACO), frequent exacerbators, and those with eosinophilic inflammation may benefit most from ICS.

Asthma–COPD Overlap

Although its prevalence is difficult to estimate, roughly one-fourth of patients with COPD may be considered to have ACO in which some feature of asthma and COPD coexist without presenting as a distinct syndrome.17 In a large analysis of over 5500 patients, among older individuals with COPD and asthma newly prescribed combination therapy with LABA and ICS led to a lower risk of death or COPD hospitalization vs newly prescribed LABAs alone.18 Real-world practice seems to confirm this, as only 18% of patients with ACO are not routinely given an ICS.19 Lee et al, have also provided clinical evidence that patients with ACO and mild-to-moderate limitations in airflow will show better lung function following treatment with an ICS/LABA combination after 3 months.20 Of note, in a database study of over 250,000 patients with ACO in Taiwan, use of LAMA or an ICS/LABA combination was found to be associated with a lessened risk for acute exacerbations.21 Expert opinion seems to suggest that for patients without ACO, LAMA/LABA may be appropriate for initiating therapy, while those who still have exacerbations may require additional treatments, possibly with ICS or PDE-4 inhibitors, taking into consideration the risk-benefit ratio in individual patients.22

Frequent Exacerbators And Eosinophilic Inflammation

Frequent exacerbators are another well-represented subclass of patients with COPD. The risk of exacerbation is normally defined according to the patient’s history of exacerbations or the GOLD classification of airway limitation (i.e., high risk is ≥2 exacerbations or ≥1 hospitalization per year). Even considering this definition, many patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, or those classified as GOLD stage C and D, are not frequent exacerbators, and thus do not meet qualifications for ICS therapy.17

The results from several studies have implicated that in both chronic bronchitis and COPD there is a relation between airway eosinophilia and exacerbations.23–26 In addition, an association between eosinophilia in sputum and response to steroids in COPD has been noted.27,28 In those with acute exacerbations of COPD, the administration of systemic corticosteroids has greater benefit in the presence of a blood eosinophil level of ≥2% vs a level <2%).29,30 In this regard, two posthoc analyses of moderate-to-very severe COPD reported fewer moderate and severe exacerbations with eosinophil levels ≥2% than in those with <2% if undergoing treatment with fluticasone furoate/vilanterol vs vilanterol as monotherapy.31,32 Analysis of the data in these trials has strongly suggested that blood eosinophil levels at baseline may, therefore, represent a valid means to monitor the reduction of exacerbations with ICS/LABA in those with COPD and a clinical history of moderate to severe exacerbations, as confirmed in a recent review.33

Based on the available clinical evidence, high blood levels of eosinophils can help predict future exacerbations, and may also be related to a more favorable response to ICS when added to LABA/LAMA, particularly so in those with a clinical history of frequent exacerbations, even if additional studies are still needed.34,35

ICS Withdrawal: Clinical Evidence

As noted in the review by Kaplan, despite the introduction of ICS into clinical practice over 2 decades ago, the option to continue or withdraw ICS in patients with COPD remains somewhat unsubstantiated, with conflicting evidence.36 The “step down” approach does not historically apply to COPD, but the disproportionate and incongruous use of ICS in COPD, along with the increased risk of associated adverse events including pneumonia, strongly suggests that ICS should be discontinued when the clinician deems that the risks outweigh the possible benefits. In fact, the advantage of ICS/LABA in combination compared to LABA alone in prevention of exacerbations was strongly disputed in a Cochrane meta-analysis several years ago.37 In 2017, Calzetta carried out a meta-analysis of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD wherein it was reported that withdrawal of ICS did not significantly increase the rate of exacerbations, even if a clinically relevant risk of severe exacerbation was still present (RR >1.2).38 Moreover, withdrawal of ICS led to significant impairment of both lung function and quality of life, with a significantly shorter time to first exacerbation in those who withdrew from ICS.

At least three studies have examined the consequences of ICS withdrawal in real-life settings. In the first, OPTIMO, there was no significant increase in the risk of exacerbations during a 6-month period following discontinuation of ICS vs continued therapy with ICS/bronchodilator, and no evidence of deterioration in symptoms of COPD or lung function.39 In agreement with this possibility, the prospective, non-interventional 2-year DACCORD study from Germany studied the consequences of ICS withdrawal in 236 of 1022 patients with COPD.40 Patients in whom ICS was withdrawn had shorter duration of disease and better pulmonary function; among those in whom ICS was withdrawn, 74.2% did not experience exacerbations, which compares well with 70.7% among those continuing ICS; over the first year, exacerbation rates were 0.414 in those who withdraw and 0.433 in those who continued to receive ICS.

Chapman et al, reported the results of a 6-month trial investigating withdrawal of ICS in 1053 patients with COPD and no history of frequent exacerbations or asthma, but who were still being given triple therapy for ≥6 months.41 After a 4-week run-in on tiotropium, salmeterol, and fluticasone propionate, patients were randomized to either abrupt discontinuation of ICS and switch to a single inhaler (IND/GLY) or to continue the same regimen. Withdrawal of ICS led to a small non-significant decline in FEV1 of 26 mL that occurred mostly with the first 4 weeks, and there was no increase in the rates of exacerbation.

The WISDOM trial studied the effects of ICS withdrawal on blood eosinophil count and exacerbations.42 Among the 2296 patients who received treatment following ICS withdrawal, the rate of moderate or severe exacerbations was similar in the overall population, but greater among those discontinuing ICS vs those continuing ICS in patients who had eosinophil counts ≥2% (RR 1.22; [95% CI 1.02–1.48]), ≥4% (RR 1.63; [1.19–2.24]) or ≥5% (RR 1.82; [1.20–2.76]). Thus, the increase seen in the rate of exacerbations further augmented as the eosinophil cut-off value increased. Interestingly, another analysis of the same populations showed that only patients with >2 exacerbations in the previous year and eosinophils >300 cells/μL showed a significantly increased risk of exacerbations after withdrawal of ICS.

The AFFIRM COPD (Aclidinium and Formoterol Findings in Respiratory Medicine COPD) trial randomized 933 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD to aclidinium/formoterol or salmeterol/fluticasone, both twice daily, over a 24-week period.43 Aclidinium/formoterol was superior to salmeterol/fluticasone when considering FEV1, showing a mean increase of 93 mL with LAMA/LABA over salmeterol/fluticasone. However, no difference between groups was seen when considering exacerbations, dyspnea, or quality of life.43

The recent FLAME trial directly compared LABA/LAMA to the ICS/LABA combination.44 In this large 52-week study, 3360 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were randomized to twice-daily salmeterol and fluticasone or once-daily IND/GLY. At 1 year, patients who received IND/GLY experienced an 11% lower risk of exacerbations vs those on salmeterol-fluticasone. Moreover, IND/GLY therapy was associated with a longer time to first exacerbation compared to those on salmeterol-fluticasone [71 vs 51 days, 16% lower risk (p<0.001)], fewer moderate and severe exacerbations, and lengthier time to first moderate or severe exacerbation. Moreover, compared to salmeterol-fluticasone, the effect of IND/GLY on exacerbations was not dependent on eosinophil count at baseline.

In a post hoc analysis of FLAME, IND/GLY provided greater or similar prevention of exacerbation than salmeterol-fluticasone in all groups when stratified by eosinophil levels and exacerbation history, thus supporting the use of the former to prevent exacerbations in moderate-to-very severe COPD.45 Lastly, a subgroup analysis of the FLAME study validated the consistent beneficial effects of IND/GLY compared to salmeterol-fluticasone on moderate/severe exacerbations that was not related to the history of exacerbations or treatment.46

Beyond FLAME

While the landmark trial FLAME trial showed greater reduction in exacerbations with LABA/LAMA than LABA/ICS in symptomatic patients with clinical history of exacerbations, an analysis of this trial has suggested that prevention of exacerbations with IND/GLY was similar or possibly superior to that with salmeterol-fluticasone at all ranges of eosinophil levels.47 This is in contrast to a post hocanalysis of WISDOM, which insinuated that at least some patients, namely those with history of exacerbations and high eosinophils levels, are at increased risk of exacerbations after ICS has been withdrawn.48 Another more recent post hoc analysis of FLAME investigated the effects of treatment on moderate to severe exacerbations considering both absolute (cut-offs of 150 and 300 cells/μL) and percentage (2%, 3%, and 4%) blood eosinophil count, in addition to exacerbation history (1 exacerbation and ≥2 exacerbations).49 At levels <150 cells/μL, IND/GLY decreased the rate of moderate to severe exacerbations compared to salmeterol-fluticasone in those with 1 and ≥2 exacerbations, while both treatments were similar in those with ≥150 cells/μL and ≥300 cells/μL, independent of the history of exacerbation. IND/GLY was consistently more effective in the presence of low blood eosinophils, but has comparable efficacy in groups with higher eosinophils. This adds additional weight to the possibility that blood eosinophils can help to recognize patients who will likely benefit from ICS and LABA/LAMA. The results of this post hoc analysis further support the effectiveness of IND/GLY for preventing exacerbations in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, and especially in those who are at greatest risk for exacerbations, further confirming the validity of the current GOLD guidelines that recommend LABA/LAMA over LABA/ICS in patients with COPD and at risk of exacerbations.17

Guidelines On ICS Use In COPD

Unfortunately, at present, there are no international guidelines that recommend how to perform withdrawal of ICS or provide a protocol for withdrawal when deemed necessary by the clinician; as the available data are not conclusive, more studies are needed to further understand in which patients withdrawal of ICS can be considered to be safe and beneficial.

In 2015, a consensus document from Spain was published, agreeing that therapy with ICS should be added to long-acting bronchodilators in the presence of frequent exacerbations as well as in patients with ACOS; ICS should not, however, be added to LABA to ameliorate pulmonary function.50 Moreover, these experts further reached the consensus that withdrawal of ICS in patients with stable disease is possible, even if no consensus reached on how to achieve this. Recommendations were mostly limited to stating that withdrawal of ICS in COPD is possible, that patients discontinuing ICS should be monitored, and that tapering should be used to withdraw ICS. Following changes to the GOLD document in 2017, in which impaired lung function is no longer considered as a determinant for risk of exacerbation, many COPD patients can now be considered to belong to group B, with a low risk of exacerbations and clinically significant symptoms,17 and some considerations have been made in this regard.51

Previous authors have attempted to provide algorithms for withdrawing ICS in patients with COPD.36 The algorithm proposed by Kaplan takes into consideration exacerbation risk, according to GOLD, but also the emergent ACOS subgroup, as stated in the GINA/GOLD Consensus Statement. The algorithm further considers potential markers of eosinophilia, with a stepwise withdrawal protocol using dual bronchodilators that is mainly based on data from the WISDOM trial. Briefly, the algorithm consists of 5 steps in which current management is reviewed and the risk-benefits of continuing ICS therapy are assessed, considering ACO, frequency of exacerbations, and other potential markers such as eosinophils (sputum ≥3%, blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/μL). A decision is then made to withdraw (or not) ICS therapy. If withdrawn, a stepwise approach is taken, with possible step-up and step-down of ICS doses. Bronchodilation therapy with LABA/LAMA is optimized, and patients are followed regularly every 3 months. While oversimplified in the present discussion, other authors have held that such a proposal is somewhat complex and difficult to adopt in daily clinical practice.52

As such, other algorithms have been recently developed. The first is a simple treatment algorithm for inhaled pharmacotherapy based on dyspnea.53 Patients are subgrouped based on the presence of low (<2 mMRC dyspnea scale) or high (≥2 mMRC dyspnea scale) dyspnea. If the patient has a low score, one long-acting bronchodilator is given, while two bronchodilators are given if the patient has a high score. In the presence of ≥2 exacerbations in the prior year (keeping in mind that even a patient with one severe exacerbation and hospitalization is considered a frequent exacerbator), ICS are added to treatment, independently of the degree of dyspnea. The algorithm was also validated on 100 patients who were receiving care in primary and tertiary settings.

In a second simplified algorithm proposal, the choice of withdrawing or continuing ICS is initially based on stratification for the presence of ACO.52 In patients with FEV1 >50% and without previous exacerbations, ICS should be discontinued. In those with ACO and who had exacerbations in the prior year, the benefits exceed the risks associated with withdrawal of ICS. Patients with FEV1 > 50% and exacerbations in the prior year as well as those with FEV1 < 50% without exacerbations should be carefully evaluated for withdrawal of ICS. As such, therapy with a dual bronchodilator should be continued to ensure that there is no increase in the risk of exacerbations. In patients with FEV1 < 50% and exacerbations in the prior year, as well as in those with ACO and no exacerbations, discontinuation of ICS should only be considered in those who have a substantial risk of serious side effects related to use of ICS. Close follow-up is essential.

Shortcomings In Daily Practice

In line with current clinical practice guidelines for COPD, the addition of ICS to long-acting β2 agonist therapy is advocated only in those with moderate-to-severe disease who are at increased risk of exacerbations, even if fixed-dose combinations of ICS/LABA are often used in contradiction of current recommendations in patients who are at a low risk of exacerbations. The available evidence from controlled trials adds weight to the supposition that ICS can be reasonably discontinued, from both safety and efficacy standpoints, in patients with stable COPD and in those for whom ICS therapy is not indicated; in the majority of patients, discontinuation is not likely to have unfavorable effects on pulmonary function, overall health status, or lead to a greater risk of exacerbations. Due to the lack of international guidelines, several groups have proposed algorithms for withdrawing ICS in patients with COPD. While the complexity of these algorithms may differ, all adhere to the principles of the most recent GOLD guidelines, even if their solid validation remains a weak point for their implementation. Nonetheless, all are also based on the underlying principle that ICS therapy is related to an increased risk of potentially serious adverse effects and complications, and as such, its use should be restricted to a minority of patients after careful evaluation of the individual risk-benefit profile.

Deprescribing ICS In Routine Practice

Following withdrawal of ICS, dual bronchodilator therapy should continue and patients should be carefully watched. Moreover, ICS therapy may be discontinued either abruptly or via gradual dose reduction in a stepwise fashion, but in any case, close monitoring is essential. Patients should not experience a decline in lung function during withdrawal. Particular care is warranted in high-risk patients who have frequent exacerbations or in patients with poor pulmonary function and being given a high dose of ICS. This is especially true when considering initiating a patient on ICS therapy or the discontinuation of ICS in patients who are already on long-term therapy. While promising, the role of elevated blood eosinophils as a marker to identify patients for treatment with ICS is still being debated, and further clinical studies are needed. Indeed, the available data support a role for ICS in the presence of eosinophil levels ≥300 cells/µL. In the absence of unequivocal guidance, clinicians should continue to carefully evaluate and treat patients on an individual basis.

Current GOLD Recommendations

The GOLD 2019 strategy proposed a strategy for initiating pharmacological treatment of COPD that utilizes individualized evaluation of symptoms and exacerbations; ICS are considered as the first choice only in some GOLD D patients with particular characteristics such as blood eosinophil ≥300 cells/µL (in treatment-naïve patients) or history of asthma (Figure 1).3 This recommendation anyway comes together with the alert of possible development of pneumonia, so that ICS should be used during initial therapy only after considering its potential benefits and risks. The current GOLD 2019 strategy recommends a 3-step review for assessment and adjustment for which escalation, or switching the inhaler device or agent used within the same class may be considered as appropriate. The patient’s response to escalation of treatment should always be monitored, and de-escalation should be taken into consideration when there is no clinical benefit and/or in the presence of side effects. Clinicians can also consider de-escalation in patients with COPD who are receiving treatment and who have some symptoms that may require less intensive treatment, but in any can should this should be undertaken under close medical supervision. ICS withdrawal is currently recommended in COPD patients who experience adverse effects from ICS treatment as well as patients with inappropriate ICS treatment or those not showing benefits from the same treatment. Unfortunately, GOLD recommendations do not provide any suggestion on how to do this withdrawal (abruptly or with ICS dose tapering, even if off-label) and what phenotype of patients should be considered for this therapeutic re-organization. In this regard, one might consider ICS withdrawal in those with low eosinophil counts, no ACO, or ICS-related adverse events.

Interestingly, the IPCRG group has recently issued an algorithm for ICS withdrawal by simply assessing if the patient has asthma features or high exacerbation risk, and gives recommendations on the possibility to continue ICS treatment or to re-organize COPD maintenance treatment in favor of a double bronchodilator treatment (with no ICS added).54

Proposal Of A Simple Management Tool For COPD

Within the context of the above, an easy tool that gives physicians a support to guide the most appropriate COPD management seems particularly useful (Figure 2). The question of if not needed “the ICS should be abruptly withdrawn or the dose should be reduced gradually until full withdrawal” has no strong evidence-based answer at this time. What is important is the acknowledgement of a need to re-evaluate treatment for all COPD patients and in light of the ancient principle “first do not harm” any unnecessary or potentially harmful treatment should be withdrawn, to put in practice the therapeutic re-organization that aims to a personalized medicine that is currently quite far from COPD management in routine clinical practice. Lastly, it should be noted that the proposed tool was not developed using formal methodology, but rather on clinical experience and review of the literature. It has also not escaped our attention that the simple tool proposed will require formal validation.

Figure 2

Decisional tool to guide the most appropriate management of COPD. Stable disease is defined as no acute exacerbation of symptoms in the past year.