Seung Hun Lee1, Ki Hong Choi1, Joo Myung Lee2, Doyeon Hwang3, Tae-Min Rhee3, Jonghanne Park4, Hyun Kuk Kim5, Yun-Kyeong Cho6, Hyuck-Jun Yoon6, Jinhyoung Park7, Young Bin Song1, Joo-Yong Hahn1, Joon-Hyung Doh8, Chang-Wook Nam6, Eun-Seok Shin9, Seung-Ho Hur6, Bon-Kwon Koo10. 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. 2. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: drone80@hanmail.net. 3. Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. 4. Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Naju National Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Naju, Korea. 5. Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Chosun University Hospital, University of Chosun College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea. 6. Department of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea. 7. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea. 8. Department of Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea. 9. Division of Cardiology, Ulsan Hospital, Ulsan, Korea; Department of Cardiology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea. 10. Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the physiologic characteristics of discordant lesions between instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) and the prognosis at 5 years. BACKGROUND: FFR or iFR have been standard methods for assessing the functional significance of coronary artery stenosis. However, limited data exist about the physiologic characteristics of discordant lesions and the prognostic implications resulting from these lesions. METHODS: A total of 840 vessels from 596 patients were classified according to iFR and FFR; high iFR-high FFR (n = 580), low iFR-high FFR (n = 40), high iFR-low FFR (n = 69), and low iFR-low FFR (n = 128) groups, which were compared with a control group (n = 23). The differences in coronary circulatory indices including the coronary flow reserve (CFR), index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), and resistance reserve ratio (RRR) (resting distal arterial pressure × mean transit time / hyperemic distal arterial pressure × hyperemic mean transit time), which reflect the vasodilatory capacity of coronary microcirculation, were compared. Patient-oriented composite outcomes (POCO) at 5 years including all-cause death, any myocardial infarction, and any revascularization were compared among patients with deferred lesions. RESULTS: In the low iFR-high FFR group, CFR, RRR, and IMR measurements were similar to the low iFR-low FFR group: CFR 2.71 versus 2.43 (p = 0.144), RRR 3.36 versus 3.68 (p = 0.241), and IMR 18.51 versus 17.38 (p = 0.476). In the high iFR-low FFR group, the CFR, RRR, and IMR measurements were similar to the control group: CFR 2.95 versus 3.29 (p = 0.160), RRR 4.28 versus 4.00 (p = 0.414), and IMR 17.44 versus 17.06 (p = 0.818). Among the 4 groups, classified by iFR and FFR, CFR and RRR were all significantly different, except for IMR. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of POCO, regardless of discordance between the iFR and FFR. Only the low iFR-low FFR group had a higher POCO rate compared with the high iFR-high FFR group (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 5.16; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in coronary circulatory function were found, especially in the vasodilatory capacity between the low iFR-high FFR and high iFR-low FFR groups. FFR-iFR discordance was not related to an increased risk of POCO among patients with deferred lesions at 5 years. (Clinical, Physiological and Prognostic Implication of Microvascular Status;NCT02186093; Physiologic Assessment of Microvascular Function in Heart Transplant Patients; NCT02798731).
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the physiologic characteristics of discordant lesions between instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) and the prognosis at 5 years. BACKGROUND: FFR or iFR have been standard methods for assessing the functional significance of coronary artery stenosis. However, limited data exist about the physiologic characteristics of discordant lesions and the prognostic implications resulting from these lesions. METHODS: A total of 840 vessels from 596 patients were classified according to iFR and FFR; high iFR-high FFR (n = 580), low iFR-high FFR (n = 40), high iFR-low FFR (n = 69), and low iFR-low FFR (n = 128) groups, which were compared with a control group (n = 23). The differences in coronary circulatory indices including the coronary flow reserve (CFR), index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), and resistance reserve ratio (RRR) (resting distal arterial pressure × mean transit time / hyperemic distal arterial pressure × hyperemic mean transit time), which reflect the vasodilatory capacity of coronary microcirculation, were compared. Patient-oriented composite outcomes (POCO) at 5 years including all-cause death, any myocardial infarction, and any revascularization were compared among patients with deferred lesions. RESULTS: In the low iFR-high FFR group, CFR, RRR, and IMR measurements were similar to the low iFR-low FFR group: CFR 2.71 versus 2.43 (p = 0.144), RRR 3.36 versus 3.68 (p = 0.241), and IMR 18.51 versus 17.38 (p = 0.476). In the high iFR-low FFR group, the CFR, RRR, and IMR measurements were similar to the control group: CFR 2.95 versus 3.29 (p = 0.160), RRR 4.28 versus 4.00 (p = 0.414), and IMR 17.44 versus 17.06 (p = 0.818). Among the 4 groups, classified by iFR and FFR, CFR and RRR were all significantly different, except for IMR. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of POCO, regardless of discordance between the iFR and FFR. Only the low iFR-low FFR group had a higher POCO rate compared with the high iFR-high FFR group (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 5.16; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in coronary circulatory function were found, especially in the vasodilatory capacity between the low iFR-high FFR and high iFR-low FFR groups. FFR-iFR discordance was not related to an increased risk of POCO among patients with deferred lesions at 5 years. (Clinical, Physiological and Prognostic Implication of Microvascular Status;NCT02186093; Physiologic Assessment of Microvascular Function in Heart Transplant Patients; NCT02798731).
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