Surgery in Patients with Portal Hypertension.

Patients with portal hypertension will increasingly present for nontransplant surgery because of the increasing incidence of, and improving long-term survival for, chronic liver disease. Such patients have increased perioperative morbidity and mortality caused by the systemic pathophysiology of liver disease. Preoperative assessment should identify modifiable causes of liver injury and distinguish between compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Risk stratification, which is crucial to preparing patients and their families for surgery, relies on scores such as Child-Turcotte-Pugh and Model for End-stage Liver Disease to translate disease severity into quantified outcomes predictions. Risk factors for postoperative complications should also be recognized.