Sports-related acute shoulder injuries in an urban population.

OBJECTIVES: More than a third of sports injuries involve the upper extremity. The primary aim was to quantify and describe sports-related shoulder injuries in a general population cohort. A secondary aim was to compare aspects of these injuries to those that were not sports-related.
METHODS: We performed a prospective registration of the activity at the time of shoulder injury in all cases admitted during 1 year in a combined primary care and orthopaedic emergency department serving a defined population. The electronic patient records and patient reported questionnaires were reviewed.
RESULTS: Twenty-nine per cent (n=781) of 2650 registered shoulder injuries were reported to be sports-related, with the highest proportion in acromioclavicular injuries (>50%). Patients with sports injuries were younger than those injured during other activities (median age 28 and 43 years, respectively, p<0.001), and more often male (78% and 52%, respectively, p<0.001). There was a strong gender disparity in incidence of sports-related shoulder injuries in adolescents and young adults, which was not observed in non-sports shoulder injuries. Football (soccer) (6-29 years), cycling (30-49 years), skiing (50-69 years) and martial arts were the dominating sports activities. Fractures were more common in skiing and cycling than in other major sports in the study.
CONCLUSIONS: Almost a third of the shoulder injuries occurred during sports. The types of sports involved varied with age and gender. The comparison of sport to non-sport shoulder injury incidence rates suggests that the increased risk of shoulder injuries in young males is mainly attributable to sports injuries.

In this prospective study of 2650 shoulder injuries of all ages admitted at a large orthopaedic emergency department during 1 year, 29% of the injuries were sports-related.

The most common sports associated with shoulder injuries were football, cycling, skiing and martial arts, but varied with age and gender.

The results suggest that the increased general risk of shoulder injuries observed in young males is mainly attributable to sports injuries.

Knowledge of the typical shoulder injury diagnoses associated with the most common sports and age groups is an important element of the diagnostic process.

We recommend increased awareness of the strong impact of sports on shoulder injuries in the young and adult general population.

The findings are important for the planning of preventive strategies.

Introduction

More than a third of sports injuries involve the upper extremity.1 Shoulder injuries are of particular interest because of the high prevalence of self-reported shoulder pain in the general population,2 3 and the association of these symptoms with reduced health, limitations in daily living and absenteeism.4 5

Shoulder injury incidence rates are high in adolescents and young adults6; which are age groups likely to be active in sports. Existing data on shoulder sports injuries refer either to a limited subset of shoulder diagnoses,7–10 or all types of shoulder injuries limited to a specific sport.11–13 Shoulder sports injuries are also included in large population-based registry studies,1 14 15 but there are to our knowledge no previous studies on acute sports injuries to the shoulder including all shoulder trauma diagnoses and age groups in a general population cohort.

The primary aim of this study was to quantify and describe sports-related shoulder injuries in an urban population. A secondary aim was to explore these injuries by comparing incidence rates, age, gender, proportion of main injury types and injury mechanism to the shoulder injuries that were not related to sports activity.

Patients and methods

Study design and setting

We carried out a prospective registration study of all patients admitted with a suspected shoulder injury at the Department of Orthopaedic Emergency, Oslo University Hospital from 1 May 2013 through 30 April 2014. The overall epidemiological patterns of shoulder injuries from this cohort have been published recently.6 In the present study, we have analysed the activity at the time of injury in the 2650 patients who were residents in the catchment area. Department of Orthopaedic Emergency is a combined primary care walk-in clinic and secondary care emergency department serving all hospitals and inhabitants of Oslo. Two previous studies report that 83%–86% of the population attended the department after upper extremity injury.16 17 At the time of the study, the population was 632 990 with a mean age of 37 years.18

In order to allow for data triangulation,19 we obtained information about the activity at the time of injury from the three following sources: (1) the national accident registration filled in by the patient (questionnaire given to the patients when admitted by the triage nurse, filled in by 1553 patients (59%), (2) the same national accident registration filled in by the physician in the electronic patient record and (3) the physician notes in the electronic patient record.

Data sources and registration criteria

The electronic patient record system was used to identify cases with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) S4 diagnosis (injuries of shoulder and upper arm). To check for missed cases and diagnostic coding mistakes, all patients who had filled in the questionnaire or had an ICD-10 M diagnosis (diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue) were systematically reviewed, and included in the registration according to the inclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria were injury to the scapula, clavicle or the proximal third of the humerus, their articulations and adjacent soft tissues. The injury, with a coinciding onset of symptoms, should have occurred within the last 3 months of the first visit to Department of Orthopaedic Emergency. Patients with uncertain cause and or onset of the shoulder symptoms and no sign of acute injury on imaging, were excluded from registration (0.6% of the patients who received a questionnaire).

In patients who experienced more than one incident resulting in a shoulder injury during the year of registration, each episode was recorded. We recorded each diagnosis in patients with multiple shoulder injuries from one mishap.

Variables

The registration included diagnosis, whether MRI was performed, age, gender and city district. The injury data registered included date and time of the incident, situation, activity, mechanism, type of location and geographical location. The first and second author reviewed all questionnaires and electronic patient records, and entered the data in the database.

We defined the incident as a sports injury if the patient had ticked off for sports/training as the ongoing activity when the injury occurred. In patients who had not filled in the questionnaire, we used the information from the other two listed sources. Both competitive, school and recreational sports were included. Twenty-one sports were listed in the patient questionnaire and electronic registration by the physician. If the box ‘other sport’ had been ticked off, identification of the sport was based on the physician notes in the medical records alone (marked with asterisk in table 1).

Table 1

Number of patients with sports-related shoulder injuries

Males (%)	Females (%)	Total (%)
Sport
Football (soccer)	133 (22)	7 (4)	140 (18)
Cycling	91 (15)	21 (12)	112 (14)
Alpine skiing	76 (12)	13 (8)	89 (11)
Cross-country skiing	42 (7)	26 (15)	68 (9)
Martial arts	40 (7)	4 (2)	44 (6)
Ice hockey	31 (5)	–	31 (4)
Snowboarding	25 (4)	5 (3)	30 (4)
Jogging	11 (2)	14 (8)	25 (3)
Strength training *	20 (3)	5 (3)	25 (3)
Skateboard	18 (3)	1 (1)	19 (2)
Gym/physical education *†	7 (1)	12 (7)	19 (2)
Handball	8 (1)	7 (4)	15 (2)
Floorball	8 (1)	4 (2)	12 (2)
Walking	2 (0)	9 (5)	11 (1)
Basketball	7 (1)	3 (2)	10 (1)
Horse riding	–	8 (5)	8 (1)
Sports <1% of shoulder injuries:
Bandy *	7	–	7
Squash *	6	1	7
Weightlifting *	6	1	7
Dancing	4	2	6
Gymnastics *	3	2	5
Hiking *	3	2	5
Ice skating *	2	3	5
Volleyball *	5	–	5
Field hockey*	4	–	4
Motorcycle sport	4	–	4
Roller skiing*	4	–	4
Telemark skiing	3	1	4
Treadmill*	–	4	4
American football*	3	–	3
Diving*	2	1	3
Rugby*	3	–	3
Swimming*	2	1	3
Cheerleading*	–	2	2
Dodgeball*	1	1	2
Rollerblades/roller skates	2	–	2
Skydiving*	2	–	2
Sports climbing*	1	1	2
Table tennis*	2	–	2
Trampoline	2	–	2
Yoga*	1	1	2
Sports with 1 injury ‡	14	6	20
Total sports <1%	(14)	(17)	(15)
Unknown	5 (1)	3 (2)	8 (1)
Total	610 (100)	171 (100)	781 (100)

*Specification of 147 patients (19%) ticked off as ‘other sport’ in the national accident registration and questionnaire.

†Physical education or ‘gym’, all ages.

‡Acrobatics*, aerobics*, athletics*, bowling*, cricket*, crossfit*, curling*, danish longball*, fencing*, indoor cycling*, kayaking*, kite skiing*, parkour*, rink bandy*, ropewalking*, ski jumping*, surfing*, sledging/luge, water polo* and waterskiing/wakeboarding*.

Fractures were diagnosed according to conventional radiographs that are routinely taken of all acute injuries that are not simple wounds. Occult fractures were registered when MRI or CT clearly concluded with a fracture. MRI was performed in 218 patients (8%) of the cohort. Glenohumeral dislocations were normally diagnosed by conventional radiographs before and after reduction. Both primary and recurrent dislocations were included, as were patients with normal radiographs and either a history of prehospital reduction or signs of recent dislocation on MRI. Minor Hill Sachs and Bankart fractures were not registered as fractures. The diagnosis acromioclavicular dislocation or separation was used if the radiologist described a grade II–VI injury.20 In patients with localised tenderness over the acromioclavicular joint without abnormal widening of the joint space or coracoclavicular distance, the sprain diagnosis was used.21 The diagnosis of rotator cuff tear was based on clinical findings and MRI.22 23 The department’s algorithm for follow-up of soft tissue shoulder injuries can be seen in the online supplementary file appendix 1. Screening all patients with MRI was neither possible nor desirable, as the presence of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears is well documented.24–26 In the age group at risk between 40 and 74 years with a soft tissue injury, 34% of the patients who had follow-up had MRI performed. Of these, 69% had a full-thickness or partial-thickness tear.

The first and second author reviewed the diagnosis by checking the electronic patient records including follow-up, radiology report(s) and in some cases images. We corrected the diagnosis when follow-up and or radiological examinations clearly concluded differently. We grouped the ICD-10 shoulder diagnoses into three main categories: soft tissue injuries, fractures and dislocations. Soft tissue injuries included contusions, distortions, open wounds as well as tendon and nerve injuries. Fractures of the upper third of the humeral bone, the clavicle and scapula were included in the fracture category, and dislocations of the glenohumeral joint, the sternoclavicular joint and grade II–VI injuries of the acromioclavicular joint in the dislocation category.

Age groups

We have used four age groups: 6–18, 19–29, 30–49 and 50–69 years. The age group from 6 to 18 years was chosen because primary school starts at 6 years, and secondary school is most commonly finished at 18 years.

Statistical analysis

The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.23. Age in patients with and without a sports-related injury was compared using the Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney U test) and described with medians and IQR as age was not normally distributed. We used logistic regression with pairwise comparisons in Stata to test for differences in the proportions of fractures and dislocations in sports with 25 or more injuries.

To explore the secondary aim, discrepancies in gender, main categories and injury mechanism between sports and non-sports injuries were analysed by the χ2 test.

Although relatively homogenous by international standards, the 15 administrative districts of Oslo vary somewhat regarding age and socioeconomic factors. To address potential bias, district residency was registered.

In accordance with Norwegian legislation, the Office of the Privacy and Data Protection Officer of Oslo University Hospital approved the study as an internal audit project with anonymous data which is exempt from the obligation to report to the Data Inspectorate and Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki declaration.

Results

Nearly every third patient (n=781, 29%) of the cohort of 2650 shoulder injuries, reported to have sustained the shoulder injury during sports activities (table 1). In the most relevant age group from 6 to 69 years, the proportion was 36%. Only one child below 6 years and 21 adults above 69 years, reported to be injured during sports. The diagnoses with the highest percentage of sports injuries were acromiclavicular joint injuries (sprain/distortion 54% and dislocation/separation 52%). Twenty-one per cent of the patients with sports-related shoulder injuries reported to be injured in other communities or abroad.

Young males

Patients with sports injuries were younger. The median age was 28 years (IQR 20–43) compared with 43 (IQR 24–65, p<0.001) in those that got injured during other activities. The patients with a sports-related injury were also more often male (78% in sports vs 52% in non-sports injuries, p<0.001). The OR of the shoulder injury being sports-related in males versus females was 3.3 (95% CI, 2.7 to 4.0). When stratifying the overall shoulder injury incidence rates by age and gender, the sports-related rates were highest in young males, whereas the not sports-related rates were highest in the elderly (figures 1 and 2).

Sports-related shoulder injury incidence rates stratified by age and gender.

Not sports-related shoulder injury incidence rates stratified by age and gender.

Injury type and mechanism

When comparing sports-related to non-sports-related shoulder injuries in patients from 6 to 69 years old, there was no difference in the proportion of shoulder injuries that were soft tissue injuries, fractures and dislocations/separations (table 2). There was also no difference in the proportion caused by falls or acute overload. There were more collision/contact injuries among the patients who had injured the shoulder during sports (22% vs 16%, p<0.001).

Table 2

Comparison of sports-related and non-sports-related shoulder injuries in patients 6–69 years old

Activity	No	%	Median age (IQR)	% females	Injury mechanism %
					falls	contact/ collision	acute overload
Sports-related injuries:	759	36	27 (19– 41)	21	65	22	11
Non-sports-related injuries:
Payed work	170	8	33 (26 – 47)	26	45	22	26
School	67	3	11 (8 – 13)	51	69	22	6
Other activities by area:
Home	392	18	42 (27 – 57)	52	65	11	15
Road, street, pavement
Pedestrian	260	12	47 (30 – 60)	50	83	12	3
Bicycle	125	6	37 (27 – 49)	27	80	20	0
Motor vehicle	60	3	40 (27 – 48)	27	40	52	8
Other+unknown	41	2	28 (19 – 38)	32	76	15	7
Nature/open landsc.	41	2	31 (23 – 55)	37	78	7	12
Playground	18	1	10 (8 – 11)	22	89	6	0
Other locations	153	7	35 (22 – 51)	36	66	17	13
Unknown	25	1	33 (23 – 52)	40	68	4	16
Non-sports-related inj.	1352	63	37 (24– 53)	41	68	16	11
Unknown sports/not	23	1	51 (35 – 61)	30	30	13	4
All injuries aged 6–69 yrs	2134	100	33 (22– 50)	34	66	18	11

Sports associated with shoulder injury

Football (soccer), cycling, skiing and martial arts were the sports activities most commonly causing acute shoulder injury, accounting for 58% of the sports injuries (table 1). In patients aged from 6 to 18 years, football dominated among both males and females (figure 3). In young adults between 19 and 29 years, there were only 35 sports injuries registered in females compared with 207 in men. Football still dominated in males (29 %, n=59), but was almost absent in females (n=1). The highest proportion of female injuries (32%) was observed in the oldest age group, in which skiing accidents was the most common cause in both genders.

Figure 3

The five sports most commonly causing shoulder injury in the cohort. The percentage contributed by each sport to the total number of shoulder sports injuries in each age group is presented. Twenty-two patients with sports injuries were below 6 or above 69 years old.

The distribution of diagnoses related to each of the most common sports is presented in figure 4. When analysing the sports with 25 or more incidents in table 1, jogging and the high energy activities cycling and skiing caused a significantly larger proportion of fractures than the other sports (p≤0.02). The proportion of dislocations was relatively high in martial arts but this was not significant compared with most of the other sports analysed.

Figure 4

Types of shoulder injury in the five most common sports comprising 453 incidents with 475 shoulder diagnoses. Percentages were calculated according to number of incidents in each sport, and therefore add up to >100% in some sports. Alp, alpine; MA, martial arts; XC, cross-country.

Rotator cuff tears

Four per cent (n=28/781) of the patients with sports-related shoulder injuries were diagnosed with a full-thickness or partial-thickness rotator cuff tear on MRI, similar to 4% in the group not injured during sports. The activity at the time of injury was skiing in 10 cases, 7 alpine and 3 cross-country. Skiing injuries thus accounted for 36% (n=10/28) of the sports-related rotator cuff tears, and 9% (n=10/106) of all rotator cuff tears in the cohort.

Bias

The SD of the mean shoulder injury incidence rate of the 15 districts was 53 (mean 417/10⁵ person-years, range 291–513), and the results did not indicate socioeconomic bias.

Discussion

In the present study, we found that 29% of all acute shoulder injuries occurred during sports-related activities; 36% in the age group from 6 to 69 years. This is a higher proportion than in studies reporting all sports-related injuries in emergency departments. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that sports-related and recreation-related injuries comprised 16% of all unintentional injury-related emergency department visits,27 and in a Dutch study sports injuries accounted for 20% of all injuries in an emergency department over a 15-year period.1 The higher percentage in the present study, indicating that the shoulder is susceptible to sports injuries, was partly to be expected from previous studies. A Swedish study of shoulder fractures and dislocations reported 29% (n=52/181) sports-related injuries in patients 15–64 years old.28 Similarly, a Danish study of 104 soft tissue shoulder injuries in patients 19–75 years old, also reported 29% sports injuries.10 The highest proportion of sports injuries in the present study was found in patients with acromioclavicular injuries (54% and 52%). An Italian study of isolated acromioclavicular dislocations in an urban population also found a high proportion of sports injuries (43%).29

Young males and missing females

Males between 10 and 29 years had an increased risk of sustaining a sports-related shoulder injury. Previous studies have described an increased general injury risk in young males,30 31 and of shoulder injuries like glenohumeral dislocations and fractures of the clavicle in particular.7 17 32 33 In the present population, the strongly increased total shoulder injury incidence rates in young males compared with females,6 were mainly due to a considerable male excess of sports-related shoulder injuries.

Equally interesting is the low shoulder sports injury incidence rates in young females. This could be explained by females injuring other anatomical regions, but in a Dutch emergency department study of 25 120 sports injuries, females accounted for a higher proportion of the upper extremity (37%) than lower extremity (28%) injuries.1 Also, a Scottish study found similar accident and emergency department attendance rates in males and females when studying the subgroup of school/college sport and physical exercise, suggesting that with equal exposure, injury rates were comparable in both genders.30 There was also more gender similarity than differences in the patterns of injury in seven collegiate sports over a 15-year period in a US college.34 Future studies should investigate whether the low female rates are indicative of lower, or just different, physical activity, and in addition whether a difference in physical activity at young age may be causally related to the increased female injury risk in the elderly (figures 1 and 2).

The sports most commonly causing shoulder injuries in the present study partly reflect national traditions.15 This is a limitation regarding the generalisability of the results to other regions, and there are no similar studies on causes of shoulder injuries in the general population for comparison. In a Scottish study of sports-related fractures in patients ≥15 years, however, the four most commonly reported sports were in descending order football, rugby, skiing/snowboarding and cycling,35 consistent with our study apart from rugby. Similarly, in the Dutch study of 25 120 sports injuries, most upper extremity sports injuries were reported to occur in football.1 A different pattern was reported in a US study where the most common sports-related injuries were observed in basketball, recreational sports and American football.14 In spite of differences, sports like football, cycling and martial arts are popular over large parts of the world, and the results should be relevant to these countries. Age and gender are most probably confounding factors for the type of shoulder injury seen in each sport. On the other hand, popular sports activities in a certain age or gender may influence both overall shoulder injury rates and the rates of specific diagnoses in a given population.

The most common sport in patients with a partial-thickness or full-thickness rotator cuff tear was skiing, consistent with our finding that cross-country skiing was the most common sport causing shoulder injury in the population at risk between 50 and 69 years old, and alpine skiing the third. Two studies from European cities without nearby skiing facilities report similar findings: one-third of the sports shoulder injuries in a Danish study on soft tissue shoulder injuries were also skiing injuries.10 Similarly, the first study on the incidence of acute full-thickness tears from Southern Sweden, found that the sports-related cuff injuries were mainly caused by skiing.9

Strengths and limitations

The strength of the present study is the prospective design and the large unselected sample. Furthermore, the triangulation of injury mechanism data and the meticulous control of correct diagnoses. A previous study reported that the emergency department overestimated the fracture rate by 26% compared with the orthopaedic trauma unit in the same cohort of patients.36 As the Department of Orthopaedic Emergency is an integrated part of the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, we believe the risk of misdiagnosis is low in our study.

The study has several limitations. First, we may have missed patients with injuries from other geographical areas that did not have follow-up at our department, even though as much as 11% of the cohort reported to be injured elsewhere.6 Second, the aim of comparing sports-related and non-sports-related injuries was not predefined, but a result of the observed incidence rate differences in young adults. Third, 19% reported to have been engaged in other than the 21 sports that could be ticked off. These sports were identified from the physician notes in the medical records, but could not be controlled against the accident registration and questionnaire like the rest. Fourth, the distinction between pre-existing age-related defects and acute tears of the rotator cuff on imaging is not well defined. The diagnosis in the present study was based on clinical findings confirmed by imaging.23 Finally, this study was not aimed at establishing the risk of shoulder injury in specific sports, which would require exposure measurement data.

Conclusion

Close to one-third of all shoulder injuries in the cohort occurred during sports activities. The most common sports associated with shoulder injuries were football, cycling, skiing and martial arts, but varied with age and gender. There was a higher proportion of fractures in high energy sports like skiing and cycling. Patients with sports-related injuries were younger and more often male. The results suggest that the generally increased risk of shoulder injuries in young males is largely explained by sports injuries. When comparing sport to non-sport injuries, there were no differences in the proportion of injuries that were fractures, dislocations and soft tissue injuries, but there were slightly more collision injuries in sports.