Baisong Li1, Dayong Xiao1, Yanlin Li2, Xianlan Wu3, Li Qi1, Wenge Tang1, Qin Li4. 1. Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China. 2. Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China. 3. The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China. 4. Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China. Electronic address: 1792582101@qq.com.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection from 2011 to 2016 in Chongqing, China, in order to provide evidence for strategies on epidemic prevention and control. METHODS: We collected data on norovirus infectious diarrhea epidemics in 38 districts and counties, and analyzed the information using descriptive epidemiological methods. RESULTS: In 2011, the first case of norovirus infectious diarrhea in Chongqing was reported. From 2011 to 2015, 38 districts and counties in Chongqing reported a total of 4 epidemics. In 2016, however, the city reported 117 outbreaks. From 2011 to 2016, there were 1637 cases of norovirus infection but no deaths. In 2016, most outbreaks occurred over a 5-month period with a clear peak in December and higher incidence in major urban areas than smaller communities (83.61% vs. 16.39%). Of these 1637 cases, 99.18% occurred in urban schools and nurseries, and 80% were transmitted person-to-person. Infection by genogroup II genotype 2 (GII.2) viruses accounted for 98.71% of cases. Leukocytes were increased in 67.81% of patients, neutrophils in 65%, and lymphocytes in 50%. Medical treatment was sought by 70% of patients or guardians but only 3.66% of cases were hospitalized. The most frequent misdiagnosis was "suspected food poisoning". CONCLUSION: The frequency of norovirus infectious diarrhea epidemics increased over 20-fold from 2011 to 2016 in Chongqing, China. These epidemics occurred predominantly in urban schools and nurseries. However, epidemics showed little spread to outlying districts and counties, so prevention and control pressures were relatively high. SUGGESTIONS: Healthcare professionals and institutions should strengthen health education for groups at high-risk of norovirus infection, such as school children, and increase norovirus testing capacity to further improve emergency investigation. Prevention and control knowledge should be disseminated to the general public to reduce transmission risk and total disease burden. Finally, governments and health administrative departments should invest special funds to prevent and control norovirus epidemics.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection from 2011 to 2016 in Chongqing, China, in order to provide evidence for strategies on epidemic prevention and control. METHODS: We collected data on norovirus infectious diarrhea epidemics in 38 districts and counties, and analyzed the information using descriptive epidemiological methods. RESULTS: In 2011, the first case of norovirus infectious diarrhea in Chongqing was reported. From 2011 to 2015, 38 districts and counties in Chongqing reported a total of 4 epidemics. In 2016, however, the city reported 117 outbreaks. From 2011 to 2016, there were 1637 cases of norovirus infection but no deaths. In 2016, most outbreaks occurred over a 5-month period with a clear peak in December and higher incidence in major urban areas than smaller communities (83.61% vs. 16.39%). Of these 1637 cases, 99.18% occurred in urban schools and nurseries, and 80% were transmitted person-to-person. Infection by genogroup II genotype 2 (GII.2) viruses accounted for 98.71% of cases. Leukocytes were increased in 67.81% of patients, neutrophils in 65%, and lymphocytes in 50%. Medical treatment was sought by 70% of patients or guardians but only 3.66% of cases were hospitalized. The most frequent misdiagnosis was "suspected food poisoning". CONCLUSION: The frequency of norovirus infectious diarrhea epidemics increased over 20-fold from 2011 to 2016 in Chongqing, China. These epidemics occurred predominantly in urban schools and nurseries. However, epidemics showed little spread to outlying districts and counties, so prevention and control pressures were relatively high. SUGGESTIONS: Healthcare professionals and institutions should strengthen health education for groups at high-risk of norovirus infection, such as school children, and increase norovirus testing capacity to further improve emergency investigation. Prevention and control knowledge should be disseminated to the general public to reduce transmission risk and total disease burden. Finally, governments and health administrative departments should invest special funds to prevent and control norovirus epidemics.