Olli Kiviruusu1, Johanna T Pietikäinen2, Anneli Kylliäinen3, Pirjo Pölkki4, Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä5, Mauri Marttunen2, Tiina Paunio6, E Juulia Paavonen7. 1. Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: olli.kiviruusu@thl.fi. 2. Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 3. Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. 4. Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 5. Pediatric Clinics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 6. Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 7. Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated trajectories of mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms from prenatal to 24 months postpartum. Prenatal correlates of the trajectories were also examined. METHODS: Mothers (N = 1670) and fathers (N = 1604) from the Finnish CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort, reported depressive symptoms at 32nd pregnancy week and 3, 8, and 24 months postpartum using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D, 10-item). Profile analysis was used to group participants according to their longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms. Prenatal predictors (sociodemographic, health, substance use, sleep, and stress related factors, family atmosphere) of depressive symptom trajectories as well as association between parents' trajectories were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: For both mothers and fathers, a solution with three stable depressive symptom trajectories (low: 63.1% mothers and 74.9% fathers; moderate: 28.1% and 22.6%; high: 8.8% and 2.6%) was considered the best fitting and most informative. Insomnia, earlier depression, anxiousness, stressfulness, and poor family atmosphere predicted the moderate and high (compared to low) depressive symptom trajectories among both mothers and fathers in multivariate analyses. Mother's higher depressive symptom trajectory was significantly associated with father's higher symptom trajectory (p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Number of cases in the high depressive symptom trajectory group among fathers was low. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and paternal depressive symptom trajectories from prenatal period up to two years postpartum seem stable, indicating the chronic nature of perinatal depressive symptoms. Mothers' and fathers' trajectories are associated with each other and their strongest predictors are common to both.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated trajectories of mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms from prenatal to 24 months postpartum. Prenatal correlates of the trajectories were also examined. METHODS: Mothers (N = 1670) and fathers (N = 1604) from the Finnish CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort, reported depressive symptoms at 32nd pregnancy week and 3, 8, and 24 months postpartum using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D, 10-item). Profile analysis was used to group participants according to their longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms. Prenatal predictors (sociodemographic, health, substance use, sleep, and stress related factors, family atmosphere) of depressive symptom trajectories as well as association between parents' trajectories were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: For both mothers and fathers, a solution with three stable depressive symptom trajectories (low: 63.1% mothers and 74.9% fathers; moderate: 28.1% and 22.6%; high: 8.8% and 2.6%) was considered the best fitting and most informative. Insomnia, earlier depression, anxiousness, stressfulness, and poor family atmosphere predicted the moderate and high (compared to low) depressive symptom trajectories among both mothers and fathers in multivariate analyses. Mother's higher depressive symptom trajectory was significantly associated with father's higher symptom trajectory (p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Number of cases in the high depressive symptom trajectory group among fathers was low. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and paternal depressive symptom trajectories from prenatal period up to two years postpartum seem stable, indicating the chronic nature of perinatal depressive symptoms. Mothers' and fathers' trajectories are associated with each other and their strongest predictors are common to both.
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