Blood neurofilament light chain at the doorstep of clinical application.

Multiples sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disorder of the CNS with inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathomechanisms leading to various degrees of neurologic disability. In the past 2 decades, high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have become available that lead to near-complete suppression of acute disease activity (relapses, lesion formation) in most patients, and only a small number of patients exhibit an aggressive disease course despite adequate use of DMTs. Here, immunoablation followed by stem cell transplantation (SCT) has emerged in recent years as an efficacious approach to stop acute disease activity, based on the concept of a reset of the immune system. However, DMTs show minimal effect on the course of progression. Accordingly, 30% (7/23) of patients continue to experience clinical progression and additional brain atrophy as its MRI equivalent 12 months after SCT.[1]

Neurofilaments are intracellular cytoskeletal proteins that are categorized according to their molecular weight in light, medium, and heavy chain types. Neuronal damage results in leaking of this protein into the extracellular space and eventually into CSF and blood. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) has been established in recent years as a biomarker (1) to quantify acute disease activity, (2) to monitor therapy response, and (3) to predict the course of disability and of brain and spinal cord atrophy[2-6] in pharmacologically treated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and progressive MS (PMS). Based on the strong correlation between CSF and plasma or serum measures, NfL is now at the doorstep to become the first biomarker that is applicable in clinical routine setting for longitudinal measurements based on blood sampling, a minimally invasive procedure.

In this issue of Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Thebault et al.[1] used a highly sensitive digital ELISA (single molecule array) to test whether NfL results from pharmacologically treated MS cohorts can be replicated in a patient cohort with aggressive MS that underwent SCT. They found that[1] as a retrospective correlation, NfL baseline levels in serum and CSF were associated with referring disability scores and recent prior relapse activity, and[2] as a prospective correlation, the above median levels of NfL were found associated with a higher probability for sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale progression and worse outcome of cognitive function and quality of life scores. This was paralleled by higher scores for brain lesional volume and the course of atrophy over an observation period of 36 months, both by categorical and individual patient analysis. A novel finding in their study is that above median NfL levels correlated with the NAA/Cr ratio in MR spectroscopy, a measure of brain-diffuse neuronal loss.[3] Although SCT led to a decrease in serum NfL levels in the entire cohort, the patient group that experienced disease progression after SCT had higher serum NfL levels 12 months after intervention than that with stabilized disability. Again, this was paralleled by the correlation of brain white matter atrophy and NfL levels. As no clinical or MRI signs for confounding acute disease activity were observed in this cohort after SCT, NfL levels can be seen as direct reflection of progressive disease. The study of Thebault et al. provides further support for NfL being a biomarker of therapeutic response in both directions, i.e., to assess the effect of an intervention and to indicate insufficient effect, which may qualify NfL as a surrogate trial end point.[7]

At first glance, the findings of coherent lowering of NfL levels after SCT and predictive capacity of baseline levels for future clinical and MRI features of disease progression seem paradoxical. However, the concept of “therapeutic lag”[8] provides an elegant explanation where worsening disability in progressive MS is primed by past inflammation. Hence, the inflammation suppressing activity of DMT or SCT will have no immediate impact on worsening disability over the next 1 or 2 years, as the damage priming progression over this time has already occurred. Hence, all anti-inflammatory therapies will have a lag of translating the decrease of NfL into a clinically measurable result in terms of stabilizing progression in MS over time.

What is the practical application of the current report by Thebault and other studies in pharmacologically treated RRMS and PMS in clinical trials and retrospective cohorts? We envisage that based on its capacity and profile as a biomarker, NfL may be used in the future as an additional paraclinical measure for physicians in charge of therapeutic decisions, both for treatment initiation and modification (figure). NfL will not replace clinical and MRI-based evaluation, but it will shed light on disease activity that escape detection by the standard diagnostic armamentarium.

Figure

Concept for use of serum/plasma NfL for individual therapeutic decision making in MS

DMT = disease-modifying therapy; NfL = neurofilament light chain.

Still, there are important hurdles for the immediate use of serum NfL in routine clinical practice. We lack a database of normal values, particularly on the background of the age dependency of values. Second, there is currently no assay standardization or commutability between the various assay protocols. Efforts are underway to address these points in the coming years. If successful, we envisage NfL to become the first biofluid marker applicable as personalized medicine tool in MS.