A Bifunctional Zwitterion That Serves as Both a Membrane Modifier and a Draw Solute for Forward Osmosis Wastewater Treatment.

Producing clean water and simultaneously recovering valuable compounds are a big challenge in wastewater treatment. Here we designed a bifunctional zwitterion of (1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole) propanesulfonate (APIS) for membrane modification and being a draw solute as well for water production and protein enrichment via forward osmosis (FO). Immobilized to the membrane surface by a fast amidation reaction, APIS endows the membrane with favorable properties benefiting the FO process. The APIS-modified sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (APIS-sPES) membrane produces a water flux 101% higher than that of the nascent membrane (from 9.3 to 18.7 LMH) with 0.5 M NaCl as the draw solution. The APIS-sPES membrane also exhibits higher fouling resistance with a much smaller decline in water permeation and stronger renewability with the flux restored to 88% of the original value compared to a 59% recovery rate of the nascent membrane after 20-h experiments against a 200 ppm ovalbumin solution. APIS produces a fair good water flux coupled with negligible reverse diffusion when used as a draw solute and can be readily regenerated via pH regulation. Unlike the conventional NaCl draw solute, APIS does not contaminate or damage protein structure. The APIS-sPES membrane and APIS draw solute prove a perfect match in protein-containing wastewater treatment and protein enrichment.