Jodie Hughes1, David Bardell2. 1. Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK. Electronic address: jodieh@liverpool.ac.uk. 2. Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To establish reference intervals for arterial blood-gas (ABG), acid-base and electrolyte values from a healthy equine population. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS: A total of 139 client-owned, systemically healthy horses, 1 year of age and older, presented for elective surgical procedures. METHODS: Blood samples were collected anaerobically from the transverse facial or common carotid artery of horses breathing room air, prior to administration of preanaesthetic medication. Samples were analysed immediately, without correction for body temperature, using an automated bench-top analyser. Variables analysed included pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and plasma concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl-). Actual and standardized plasma bicarbonate concentration [HCO3- (P) and HCO3- (P, st)], blood and extracellular fluid base excess [base (B) and base (ECF)] and anion gap (AG) were calculated by the machine from preprogrammed algorithms. Methods used for determination of PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3- (P), HCO3- (P, st), base (B) and base (ECF) met the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference intervals were determined with the nonparametric or the standard parametric method dependent on data distribution. RESULTS: Reference intervals were determined for pH, 7.37-7.49; PaCO2, 4.84-7.20 kPa (36.3-54.0 mmHg); PaO2, 11.01-14.97 kPa (82.6-112.3 mmHg); Na+, 133-141 mmol L-1; K+, 3.05-4.65 mmol L-1; Ca2+, 1.34-1.72 mmol L-1; Cl-, 100-110 mmol L-1; HCO3- (P), 23.55-33.90 mmol L-1; HCO3- (P, st), 23.87-32.45 mmol L-1; base (B), 0.51-8.80 mmol L-1; base (ECF), -0.53 to 9.39 mmol L-1 and AG, 1.5-11.5 mEq L-1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data were derived from the largest group of horses reported in a single study and may aid in interpretation of ABG, acid-base and electrolyte measurements in clinical practice.
OBJECTIVE: To establish reference intervals for arterial blood-gas (ABG), acid-base and electrolyte values from a healthy equine population. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS: A total of 139 client-owned, systemically healthy horses, 1 year of age and older, presented for elective surgical procedures. METHODS: Blood samples were collected anaerobically from the transverse facial or common carotid artery of horses breathing room air, prior to administration of preanaesthetic medication. Samples were analysed immediately, without correction for body temperature, using an automated bench-top analyser. Variables analysed included pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and plasma concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl-). Actual and standardized plasma bicarbonate concentration [HCO3- (P) and HCO3- (P, st)], blood and extracellular fluid base excess [base (B) and base (ECF)] and anion gap (AG) were calculated by the machine from preprogrammed algorithms. Methods used for determination of PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3- (P), HCO3- (P, st), base (B) and base (ECF) met the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference intervals were determined with the nonparametric or the standard parametric method dependent on data distribution. RESULTS: Reference intervals were determined for pH, 7.37-7.49; PaCO2, 4.84-7.20 kPa (36.3-54.0 mmHg); PaO2, 11.01-14.97 kPa (82.6-112.3 mmHg); Na+, 133-141 mmol L-1; K+, 3.05-4.65 mmol L-1; Ca2+, 1.34-1.72 mmol L-1; Cl-, 100-110 mmol L-1; HCO3- (P), 23.55-33.90 mmol L-1; HCO3- (P, st), 23.87-32.45 mmol L-1; base (B), 0.51-8.80 mmol L-1; base (ECF), -0.53 to 9.39 mmol L-1 and AG, 1.5-11.5 mEq L-1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data were derived from the largest group of horses reported in a single study and may aid in interpretation of ABG, acid-base and electrolyte measurements in clinical practice.
Authors: Mehdi Chlif; Mohamed Mustapha Ammar; Noureddine Ben Said; Levushkin Sergey; Said Ahmaidi; Fawaz Alassery; Habib Hamam Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-12-23 Impact factor: 3.390