Joel Nuotio1,2, Lauri Vähämurto1, Katja Pahkala1,3, Costan G Magnussen1,4, Nina Hutri-Kähönen5, Mika Kähönen6, Tomi Laitinen7, Leena Taittonen8, Päivi Tossavainen9, Terho Lehtimäki10, Eero Jokinen11, Jorma S A Viikari12, Olli Raitakari13, Markus Juonala1,12,14. 1. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland. 2. Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland. 3. Paavo Nurmi Centre, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Finland. 4. Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Australia. 5. Department of Paediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland. 6. Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Finland. 7. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. 8. Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland. 9. Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland. 10. Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Centre-Tampere, University of Tampere, Finland. 11. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland. 12. Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland. 13. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland. 14. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Abstract
Aims: Disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and risk factor levels between urban and rural regions has been confirmed worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine how living in different community types (urban-rural) in childhood and adulthood are related to cardiovascular risk factors and surrogate markers of CVD such as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular mass (LVM). Methods: The study population comprised 2903 participants (54.1% female, mean age 10.5 years in 1980) of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study who had been clinically examined in 1980 (age 3-18 years) and had participated in at least one adult follow-up (2001-2011). Results: In adulthood, urban residents had lower systolic blood pressure (-1 mmHg), LDL-cholesterol (-0.05 mmol/l), lower body mass index (-1.0 kg/m2) and glycosylated haemoglobin levels (-0.05 mmol/mol), and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (19.9 v. 23.7%) than their rural counterparts. In addition, participants continuously living in urban areas had significantly lower IMT (-0.01 mm), LVM (1.59 g/m2.7) and pulse wave velocity (-0.22 m/s) and higher carotid artery compliance (0.07%/10 mmHg) compared to persistently rural residents. The differences in surrogate markers of CVD were only partially attenuated when adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions: Participants living in urban communities had a more favourable cardiovascular risk factor profile than rural residents. Furthermore, participants continuously living in urban areas had less subclinical markers related to CVD compared with participants living in rural areas. Urban-rural differences in cardiovascular health might provide important opportunities for optimizing prevention by targeting areas of highest need.
Aims: Disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and risk factor levels between urban and rural regions has been confirmed worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine how living in different community types (urban-rural) in childhood and adulthood are related to cardiovascular risk factors and surrogate markers of CVD such as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular mass (LVM). Methods: The study population comprised 2903 participants (54.1% female, mean age 10.5 years in 1980) of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study who had been clinically examined in 1980 (age 3-18 years) and had participated in at least one adult follow-up (2001-2011). Results: In adulthood, urban residents had lower systolic blood pressure (-1 mmHg), LDL-cholesterol (-0.05 mmol/l), lower body mass index (-1.0 kg/m2) and glycosylated haemoglobin levels (-0.05 mmol/mol), and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (19.9 v. 23.7%) than their rural counterparts. In addition, participants continuously living in urban areas had significantly lower IMT (-0.01 mm), LVM (1.59 g/m2.7) and pulse wave velocity (-0.22 m/s) and higher carotid artery compliance (0.07%/10 mmHg) compared to persistently rural residents. The differences in surrogate markers of CVD were only partially attenuated when adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions: Participants living in urban communities had a more favourable cardiovascular risk factor profile than rural residents. Furthermore, participants continuously living in urban areas had less subclinical markers related to CVD compared with participants living in rural areas. Urban-rural differences in cardiovascular health might provide important opportunities for optimizing prevention by targeting areas of highest need.
Authors: Matthew James Fraser; Trish Gorely; Chris O'Malley; David J Muggeridge; Oonagh M Giggins; Daniel R Crabtree Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-17 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Grzegorz Józef Nowicki; Barbara Ślusarska; Katarzyna Naylor; Andrzej Prystupa; Ewa Rudnicka-Drożak; Ulyana Halyuk; Petro Pokotylo Journal: Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Date: 2021-05-06 Impact factor: 3.168
Authors: Krzysztof Studziński; Tomasz Tomasik; Adam Windak; Maciej Banach; Ewa Wójtowicz; Mirosław Mastej; Maciej Tomaszewski; Dimitri P Mikhailidis; Peter P Toth; Alberico Catapano; Kausik K Ray; George Howard; Gregory Y H Lip; Fadi J Charchar; Naveed Sattar; Bryan Williams; Thomas M MacDonald; Peter E Penson; Jacek J Jóźwiak Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2021-11-30 Impact factor: 4.241