Superhydrophobic Melamine Sponge Coated with Striped Polydimethylsiloxane by Thiol-Ene Click Reaction for Efficient Oil/Water Separation.

Superhydrophobic and oleophilic sponges have been demonstrated as promising candidates for oil/water separation. However, there are still challenges in large-scale fabrication of superhydrophobic sponges with low cost and feasible method for industrial applications. Herein, we report a superhydrophobic and oleophilic melamine sponge functionalized by a uniform polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film that can be easily coated onto the sponge skeleton through UV-assisted thiol-ene click reactions. The PDMS films are characterized by a hierarchically striped microstructure with an average distance less than 2 μm. Because of the striped microstructure and the hydrophobic property of silicone, a high contact angle of 156.2° was achieved. Importantly, the interconnected open-cell structure of the melamine sponge was preserved by adapting the thickness of the PDMS film. The PDMS-coated melamine sponge exhibited a desirable absorption capacity of 103-179 times its own weight with oils and organic solvents. The excellent mechanical properties of melamine and the flexibility of PDMS enable the PDMS-coated melamine sponges to be squeezed repeatedly without collapsing. This study offers a robust and effective approach in large-scale preparation of a superhydrophobic sponge for large-scale oil spill containment and environmental remediation by the inexpensive commercial polymethylvinylsilicone and facile dip-coating/UV-curing method.

Introduction

Oil spills and industrial organic pollutants have resulted in severe n class="Chemical">water pollution that threatens every species in the ecological system from low-grade algae to higher mammals, including human beings.[1] For example, 4.9 million barrels of crude oil was released in the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in catastrophic damage to marine and aquatic ecosystems.[2] Concurrently, oily water in inland water has significant impacts on public health. Therefore, efficiently separating the oil from the water is a trending environmental concern. Traditional methods of oil separation include physical methods, chemical methods, and biological methods for recovering spilled oil on water. However, these traditional methods such as skimming systems, in situ burning, dispersants, and sorbents can have limitations.[3] High cost, oily water collection, and less than ideal marine climate often limit the use of these traditional methods.[4] Fortunately, the rapid development of interface science has offered brand-new solutions for separating oil/water mixtures including simple oil/water layered mixture and oil/water emulsion.[5−7] Superhydrophobic and porous interfaces, including two-dimensional meshes[8−11] and three-dimensional sponges, can efficiently achieve the remediation of water system polluted by oil. However, two-dimensional membranes and meshes need to collect the oily water prior to disposal, resulting in energy consumption and lack of efficiency. Three-dimensional superhydrophobic porous materials offer a promising solution with low energy. Until now, graphene and graphene oxide sponges,[12] silicone sponges,[13−15] porous nanocellulose aerogels,[16,17] carbon nanofiber aerogels,[18] cotton fabric,[19,20] Janus polymers,[21] and carbon soot sponges[22] have been developed for oil absorption without energy consumption. Accordingly, superhydrophobic three-dimensional materials are typically fabricated using one of the two strategies: the first is to construct porous sponges with superhydrophobic materials and the second is to modify chemicals with low surface energy on a porous sponge frame. The second method is simpler and cheaper in application. On the other hand, some sophisticated hierarchical surface topologies with superhydrophobicity have been fabricated following the biomimetic principles.[23−25] Two key factors that dominate the wettability of the surface are surface chemical composition and surface topography.[26] Lotus leaves have superhydrophobicity properties because of their micropapillae nanostructure, and lotus leaf-inspired materials have been prepared as superhydrophobic coatings for different applications.[26−28] However, previous processes for fabrication of biomimic superhydrophobic surface are complex and restricting their scale preparation and industrial applications.[29]

A powerful strategy for modern materials science called click chemistry, coined by Sharpless and colleagues in 2001, describes organic reactions with highly selective, simple orthogonal reactions and exhibits high efficiency under a variety of mild conditions.[30] Several processes, such as the nucleophilic ring-opening reactions, the non-aldol n class="Chemical">carbonyl chemistry, the additions to carbon–carbon multiple bonds, and the cycloaddition reactions, were identified. The radical-mediated thiol–ene reaction proceeds rapidly to a high yield with high efficiency; this is typical for a click reaction. Furthermore, the thiol–ene reaction is photoinitiated for functional polymers.[31] As a second-order reaction, the conversion of thiol groups increases rapidly during the initial stage of UV-curing.[32] Therefore, the thiol–ene click chemistry has been used in numerous applications, such as optical components, adhesives, and high-impact energy-absorbing materials.[31,33] In addition, thiol–ene chemistry is also a popular surface modification reaction by “grafting-from” and “grafting-onto” approaches. Typically, thiopropionic acid and thiol alkanes were attached to polymethylvinylsilicone by thiol–ene reactions to adjust the surface wetting property.[34] Advincula fabricated a highly efficient mesh with superhydrophobic coating by thiol–ene reaction.[35] When compared with tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, polymethylvinylsilicone is seemingly an idyllic choice for preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces by the click reaction method. First, the polysilicone backbone exhibits a low surface tension value of around 21 mN/m, which is suitable for water repellency.[36] Second, the rich vinyl group pendant from the backbone can be cured by multithiol cross-links. The UV-induced curing process and commercial polysilicone provide a unique opportunity to scale the preparation of extremely hydrophobic surfaces in an eco-friendly and economically friendly fashion.

Here, we report a simplistic and inexpenn class="Chemical">sive two-step procedure to produce polysilicone-coated melamine sponges, which involves dip-coating of polymethylvinylsilicone (PMVS) with a multithiol cross-linker onto the melamine sponge, followed by UV-curing. The efficient click chemistry of the thiol–ene reaction results in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated melamine sponge with superhydrophobicity for oil/water separation. Surface topography, oil/water separation efficiency, and thermal stability were studied.

Results and Discussion

The overall fabrication process of PDMS-coated n class="Chemical">melamine sponges consisted of two main steps. First, the linear PMVS and the cross-linker pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate) (PETMP) were coated onto the melamine skeleton by the dip-coating method. The thiol–ene cross-linking reaction was then performed under UV light. The click reactions between rich vinyl groups and multithiol PETMP resulted in the cross-linked PDMS network uniformly covering the melamine skeleton (Figure a). The PMVS concentration was well-controlled in order to adjust the thickness of the coated PDMS film. The successful fabrication of the PDMS-coated melamine sponge was evident from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectra, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs.

Figure 1

Thiol–ene click reaction leading to cross-linked PDMS-coated melamine sponge. (a) Photoinduced thiol–ene reaction of PMVS and PETMP to form cross-linked networks. (b) XPS spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (c) FTIR–attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (d) TGA curves of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (e) EDS spectra of PDMS-modified melamine sponge demonstrating successful coating of PDMS on the sponge framework surface. (f) Raman spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge.

Thiol–ene click reaction leading to cross-linked n class="Chemical">PDMS-coated melamine sponge. (a) Photoinduced thiol–ene reaction of PMVS and PETMP to form cross-linked networks. (b) XPS spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (c) FTIR–attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (d) TGA curves of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (e) EDS spectra of PDMS-modified melamine sponge demonstrating successful coating of PDMS on the sponge framework surface. (f) Raman spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge.

Figure a shows the photoinitiated thiol–ene click reaction leading to cross-linked n class="Chemical">PDMS. The successful coating of cross-linked PDMS onto the sponge frame was confirmed by XPS, FTIR, TGA, EDS, and Raman spectra. Figure b shows the typical XPS survey spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. Both samples exhibit a C 1s peak at 284.8 eV and an O 1s peak at 531.7 eV. Si 2s and Si 2p peaks were found at 151.8 and 102.1 eV, respectively. This evidences that PDMS was successfully attached to the sponge frame during the dipping-coating process. The N 1s peak located at 397.7 eV was detected on the pristine melamine surface and disappeared in the PDMS-modified sponge spectrum. This indicates that the small amount of nitrogen species was completely covered by the PDMS layer. These XPS results are consist with those of PDMS-modified sponges by Sylgard 184.[37] The XPS S 1s peak was not found because of the low content of the S element and the immigration of Si–CH3 groups to the surface of PDMS. However, the existence of sulfur can be easily confirmed by the corresponding EDS spectrum. As shown in Figure e, despite sulfur being detected by EDS, there was no significant change of the peak intensity of the sulfur element with sulfur content. This is further evidence that the immigration of silicone chains leads to the difficulty in the detection of sulfur and nitrogen because XPS and EDS are surface-sensitive spectroscopic techniques. As expected, silicon was detected by EDS spectra in each PDMS-modified melamine sponge surface, and its intensity increased significantly with the PDMS concentration. This result indicates that the thickness of PDMS coating can be adjusted by the concentration of the PMVS solution. Figure c shows the ATR–FTIR spectra of the pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-coated melamine sponge. Absorption peaks at 809, 1546, and 3359 cm–1 were assigned to C=N stretching in the triazine ring, C–H stretching, and N–H and −OH, respectively. The peaks at 1338 and 1481 cm–1 are attributed to the stretching of C–N. The spectrum of the PDMS-coated melamine sponge was similar to that of the pristine melamine sponge. The characteristic absorption peaks of silicon–oxygen–silicon at 1260, 1157, and 1102 cm–1 were observed, indicating that PDMS coating has been successfully coated onto the melamine sponge skeleton. Meanwhile, the characteristic absorption peak of SH at 2571 cm–1 disappeared and the peaks at 1629 and 1410 cm–1 (Figure S1), which are attributed to C=C in PMVS, also disappeared. These results indicate that most vinyl groups and SH groups were exhausted by the thiol–ene click reaction. The rapid reaction proceeding with high curing efficiency under mild conditions exhibits the characters of the thiol–ene click reaction. This robust UV-curing method provides the feasibility for large-scale production, that is, both low cost and eco-friendliness. The successful coating of PDMS on the sponge frame was further investigated by TGA (Figure d). Both pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-coated melamine sponge exhibited three stages of weight loss under a nitrogen atmosphere from 20 to 800 °C. The first mass loss at a temperature of 120 °C is primarily attributed to the evaporation of the absorbed water in sponges, which is about 5–7 wt %. There is no effect of PDMS coating on the thermal decomposition temperature of the melamine skeleton at 379–420 °C (38 wt %), but it is obvious that the mass loss of the PDMS-coated melamine sponge (27 wt %) decreased because of the thermally stable PDMS coating not decomposing under a nitrogen atmosphere. The Raman spectra patterns of the melamine sponge and PDMS-coated melamine sponge are presented in Figure f. Compared to the spectrum of the pristine melamine sponge, the spectrum of the PDMS-coated melamine sponge exhibits three remarkable bands at around 486, 706, and 2907 cm–1, which correspond to the Si–O–Si, Si–CH3, and CH3 vibration, respectively. XPS, FTIR, TGA, EDS, and Raman spectra results confirmed the successful coating of PDMS on the sponge framework.

Morphology of Sponges

SEM, as shown in Figure , examined the morphologies of the pristine melamine sponge and n class="Chemical">PDMS-coated melamine sponges. The pristine melamine sponge comprised a three-dimensional porous structure with concave triangular fibers. The skeletons of the melamine sponge are smooth with an average diameter of ∼7.6 μm. Compared to the pristine melamine sponge, the PDMS-coated melamine sponges have unique morphologies. First, a thin, uniform layer of PDMS film was coated onto the sponge skeleton. Each melamine skeleton was covered continuously with PDMS without defect. PMVS and multithiol cross-linker solution can be adsorbed evenly on the melamine skeleton because of the amphiphilic property of melamine. Second, interesting regularly arranged resembling strips were observed throughout the whole sponge skeleton. Curing-induced shrinkage and migration of silicone result in undulating wrinkles with an average distance between these strips less than 2 μm, and the width of these strips is about 0.8 μm. Finally, the average diameter of the sponge skeleton fibers was increased to 8.4, 9.4, and 9.9 μm with the increase of the PMVS concentration as 1, 5, and 10 wt %, respectively. Importantly, small amounts of closed cells appeared (Figure g, inset) when the PMVS concentration increased to 10 wt %, which would be hazardous to the absorption capacity of the modified sponges. There were nearly no closed cells when the concentration of PMVS is less than 5% by mass. These results indicated that PMVS solution can be adhered to the surface of the sponge skeleton fibers uniformly and thiol–ene click reaction completes rapidly under UV light.

Figure 2

SEM photographs of the PDMS-modified melamine sponge showing different dipping thicknesses of cured PDMS on the sponge framework. SEM images of sponges. pristine melamine sponge (a, b); and PVMS modified melamine sponges with different PVMS concentrations (1% for c, d; 5% for e, d and 10% for g, h). Inset: closed cell formed due to the high concentration of PMVS.

SEM photographs of the PDMS-modified n class="Chemical">melamine sponge showing different dipping thicknesses of cured PDMS on the sponge framework. SEM images of sponges. pristine melamine sponge (a, b); and PVMS modified melamine sponges with different PVMS concentrations (1% for c, d; 5% for e, d and 10% for g, h). Inset: closed cell formed due to the high concentration of PMVS.

Superwetting of PDMS-Coated Sponges

Wetting properties of the sponges were explored by analyzing the behavior of water drops and n class="Chemical">oil drops on the sponge surface. The pristine melamine sponge exhibits amphiphilic properties, and the PDMS-coated sponge was oleophilic (Figure a). The difference in the PDMS-coated sponge is reflected in its wetting property, when in contact with water (Figure b). The PDMS-coated sponge samples show a superhydrophobic character with contact angles more than 150° (Figure f). The surface chemical composition and surface topography are the main factors that determine the wetting property of the surface. It is known that a high surface roughness brings a significant change in the wetting property of the surface. Figure c depicts the large magnifications of the PDMS-coated melamine sponge skeleton, and regular undulating wrinkles are visible. Thereby, polysilicone ensures the low surface energy of the sponge skeleton, and surface roughness enhances the surface hydrophobicity. Compared with a smooth surface, water drops on the surface with high roughness tend to reflect the Cassie model, which corresponds to the lowest energy state in the open-air regime (Figure c,d). The roughness makes water drops have more than one metastable position of equilibrium, and water drops can transfer from one metastable equilibrium to the other, resulting in superhydrophobic property.[38] Because of the stability of the silicone material, the PDMS-coated sponge also shows superhydrophobic property against acid, alkali, and NaCl solutions (Figure S2). The water sliding angle on the PDMS-coated sponges was tested to be about 8°. As we know, a superhydrophobic surface with a sliding angle lower than 10° often indicates that this surface owns self-cleaning property. The self-cleaning property was also confirmed by antifouling test. The antifouling test showed that the PDMS-coated sponge remained very clean against dyed water (Figure S3).

Figure 3

Superwetting of PDMS-coated sponges. (a) Amphiphilic property of pristine melamine sponge. (b) Superhydrophobic and oleophilic property of PDMS-coated melamine sponge. (c) Undulating wrinkles on the PDMS-coated melamine sponge skeleton. The inset shows a large magnification of undulating wrinkles. (d,e) Scheme of different hydrophobic states. (f) Contact angles of 1, 2, 5, and 10% PDMS-coated melamine sponges.

Superwetting of PDMS-coated sponges. (a) Amphiphilic property of pristine n class="Chemical">melamine sponge. (b) Superhydrophobic and oleophilic property of PDMS-coated melamine sponge. (c) Undulating wrinkles on the PDMS-coated melamine sponge skeleton. The inset shows a large magnification of undulating wrinkles. (d,e) Scheme of different hydrophobic states. (f) Contact angles of 1, 2, 5, and 10% PDMS-coated melamine sponges.

Oil/Water Separation

The superhydrophobic surface property and a large amount of open cells make the PDMS-coated n class="Chemical">melamine sponge a viable material for the rapid removal of various oils and organic solvents from water. Selective sorption is a crucial property of oil/water separation materials, particularly for oil spill remediation in aqueous environments. As shown in Figure , both oil-red dyed float hexane and sank chloroform were removed quickly and completely when the PDMS-coated melamine sponge was in contact with the oils, and clean water was left in only a few seconds. The PDMS-coated melamine sponge has different sorption performances with different oils and organic solvents. Figure a shows the maximum sorption capacity for oils and solvents in the absence of water. The mass-based sorption capacity for oils was 103–179 times the weight of the individual sponge. The excellent oil/solvent sorption capacity is attributed to the highly porous structure as well as the oleophilic properties. Because of the excellent mechanical strength of the commercial melamine sponge, the shape integrity and porous structure of the sponges can be well kept even after 10 sorption/squeezing cycles (Figure b). The hydrophobic property was sustained because of the flexibility of PDMS.

Figure 4

Photographs of the selective sorption of oil with the PDMS-coated melamine sponge. The oil was dyed with Sudan III to facilitate clear observation of the phenomenon.

Figure 5

Absorption capacities (a) and reusability (b) of the PDMS-modified sponge for different organic solvents and oils.

Photographs of the selective sorption of oil with the n class="Chemical">PDMS-coated melamine sponge. The oil was dyed with Sudan III to facilitate clear observation of the phenomenon.

Absorption capacities (a) and reusability (b) of the PDMS-modified sponge for different organic solvents and n class="Chemical">oils.

Conclusions

In summary, this study put forth a facile approach for fabricating superhydrophobic and oleophilic PDMS-coated n class="Chemical">melamine sponges by dip-coating and thiol–ene click reaction. The interconnected open-cell structure was sustained by adjusting the PMVS concentration of the coating solution. The regularly arranged resembling strips made the PDMS-coated melamine sponge superhydrophobic and oleophilic. The high mass absorption capacities toward different oils and organic solvents demonstrate the new opportunities for fast oil/water separation. Importantly, not only does our study highlight a convenient method toward engineering superhydrophobic three-dimensional sponges, but it also provides hopes to industrial large-scale production in the near future.

Experimental Section

Materials

PMVS (viscon class="Chemical">sity ≈ 3000 mPa·s) with a vinyl content of 10 mol % was obtained from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. PETMP was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Melamine sponges were purchased from a commercial store (7.90 × 10–3 g/cm3). The solvents and oils used in the absorption experiments were used as received without further purification.

Preparation of the Superhydrophobic Melamine Sponge by Thiol–Ene Click Reaction

The silanization of the n class="Chemical">melamine sponges was performed by the dip-coating process and photocuring. The PMVS sample (2.56 g, 0.40 mmol C=C groups) and PETMP (1 equiv, 0.10 mmol) were dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 wt %). The melamine sponges were cut into 3 × 2.2 × 1.8 cm3 pieces and were immersed in a solution of PMVS and PETMP in CH2Cl2 (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 wt %) for 5 min. Subsequently, the sponges were removed from the solution, then squeezed to extract the absorbed solution, and finally irradiated at room temperature with a WFH-204B lamp at 365 nm with a light intensity of 107 mW·cm–2 for 10 min. They were then repeatedly washed with CH2Cl2 using the sorption/squeezing process for the removal of any unreacted starting materials. Finally, they were dried in air for 6 h. The resultant silanized melamine sponges were denoted as 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10% PDMS-coated.

Characterization

TGA was conducted on a TG Q500 thermogravimetric analyzer under a heating rate of 10 °C/min. ATR–FTIR spectra were recorded on a Thermo Nexus 470 FT-IR spectrophotometer with a universal ATR sampling accessory. Surface analysis was performed by an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer with ESCALAB 250Xi apparatus equipped with monochromator Al Kα as the X-ray source. An energy-dispern class="Chemical">sive X-ray spectrometer fitted to the scanning electron microscope was used for chemical elemental identification. The micromorphologies were observed by SEM with an S-4800 field emission electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV. The wetting properties of the PDMS-coated sponge were investigated by static contact angle measurements at room temperature using a CA 20 contact angle goniometer with a droplet volume of 5 μL.

Oil Absorption Experiments

The absorption capacities of the PDMS-coated sponge for various n class="Chemical">oils and organic solvents were determined by dipping a piece of PDMS-coated sponge into the liquid (oil or organic solvent) until the PDMS-coated sponge was saturated with the liquid and left to drip for 30 s for weight measurement. Repeated sorption/squeezing processes were used to evaluate the recyclability of the PDMS-coated sponge.