Response adaptive randomization procedures in seamless phase II/III clinical trials.

It is desirable to work efficiently and cost effectively to evaluate new therapies in a time-sensitive and ethical manner without compromising the integrity and validity of the development process. The seamless phase II/III clinical trial has been proposed to meet this need, and its efficient, ethical and economic advantages can be strengthened by its combination with innovative response adaptive randomization (RAR) procedures. In particular, well-designed frequentist RAR procedures can target theoretically optimal allocation proportions, and there are explicit asymptotic results. However, there has been little research into seamless phase II/III clinical trials with frequentist RAR because of the difficulty in performing valid statistical inference and controlling the type I error rate. In this paper, we propose the framework for a family of frequentist RAR designs for seamless phase II/III trials, derive the asymptotic distribution of the parameter estimators using martingale processes and offer solutions to control the type I error rate. The numerical studies demonstrate our theoretical findings and the advantages of the proposed methods.