Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 overexpression promotes tumor progression and predicts poor prognosis in uterine leiomyosarcoma.

Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit (CKS) 2 is a member of the CKS family, which plays an important role in the regulation of meiosis and mitosis. Overexpression of CKS2 has been reported in several types of tumors. However, few studies have investigated its role in uterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS). In the present study, the expression of CKS2 in 38 cases of ULMS and 38 cases of uterine leiomyoma (ULM) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the functional analysis of CKS2 was performed in ULMS cell lines. A significantly higher expression of CKS2 was found in ULMS tissues than in ULM tissues (P<0.01) and high CKS2 expression was associated with increased tumor size, low progesterone receptor expression and poor prognosis in patients with ULMS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that CKS2 expression status was an independent predictor of overall survival for ULMS. Furthermore, silencing of CKS2 in ULMS cells inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, and resulted in cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CKS2 may serve as a marker for the differential diagnosis of ULMS and ULM. In addition, it may act as an independent prognostic factor in patients with ULMS, and serve as a novel target for ULMS therapy.

Introduction

Uterine sarcomas represent ~8% of uterine malignant tumors and entail a high mortality rate, with an overall 5-year survival rate of ~30% (1). Uterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS) is the most common uterine sarcoma, characterized by poor prognosis, early metastasis and high rate of recurrence (2–4). ULMS occurs mostly in women over the age of 40, and its symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, palpable pelvic mass and pelvic pain (5). These features are similar to the symptoms of uterine leiomyoma (ULM) and therefore it is difficult to distinguish ULMS from ULM prior to surgery. Currently, there is still no optimal treatment for ULMS (5,6). There are few studies on ULMS and little is known about its associated oncogenic pathways.

The human CKS family consists of two members, CKS1 and CKS2, which share >80% sequence identity (7). CKS1 is a specific cofactor that is necessary for the degradation and ubiquitination of p27 by the Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein complex of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (8). CKS2 is also important during early embryonic development, for the process of somatic cell division (9). In addition, it has been shown to be essential for the first metaphase/anaphase transition of mammalian meiosis (10). Several reports have indicated that CKS2 was upregulated in a number of types of tumors, including breast cancer, esophageal carcinoma, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and bladder cancer (11–17). However, the underlying cellular functions of CKS2 and the associated mechanism involved in its carcinogenicity remain unclear.

To identify a candidate gene that may contribute to the progression of ULMS, a search in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was conducted. Expression arrays from the GEO datasets (GSE64763, GSE764 and GSE36610) showed distinct levels of expression in ULMS and ULM of genes such as cyclin-dependent kinase subunit (CKS)2, thymidylate synthase and putative tenascin-XA. Since CKS2 was found to be expressed in several tumors and little was known about its role in ULMS, further analyses were conducted. The present study investigated CKS2 expression in ULM/ULMS and determined the role of CKS2 in the development of ULMS.

Materials and methods

Clinical tissue samples

The specimens of 38 cases with ULMS and 38 cases with ULM were collected between January 2005 and October 2015 at Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University (Jinan, China). At the beginning of the study, 45 cases with ULMS were recruited and followed-up over the telephone. Seven cases were lost during the follow-up and 38 remained, with the complete clinical and prognostic information. By the end of the follow-up (March 2016), 19 patients with ULMS were deceased. The median age of the patients with ULMS was 45 years (range, 29–76 years). The median age of the patients with ULM was 38 years (range, 25–65 years). None of these patients had received pre-operative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. All patients provided informed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong University (approval no. 201302036). All samples were assessed by two well-trained pathologists. The diagnosis was confirmed according to the 2003 World Health Organization criteria (18), and pathological records were reviewed according to the 2009 International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) staging for sarcomas (19).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Tissues were fixed with formalin (10%, pH 7.2) at room temperature for 24 h and then embedded in paraffin. IHC analysis was performed on these formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens (4-µm sections). The sections were rehydrated through alcohol gradient as follows: Anhydrous ethanol I for 5 min; anhydrous ethanol II for 5 min; 95% ethanol for 5 min; 85% ethanol for 5 min; and 75% ethanol for 5 min. The sections were submerged in sodium citrate buffer at 100°C for 5 min for antigenic retrieval. The endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min at room temperature. After blocking, the sections were incubated with anti-CKS2 primary antibody (1:100; cat. no. ab155078; Abcam) overnight at 4°C. A PV-9000 2-step plus® Poly-HRP Anti-Mouse/Rabbit IgG Detection System (Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Company) was used for immunohistochemical assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. PBS was used as the negative control.

Values were assigned to the samples according to the percentage of positive cells: 0, ≤5; 1, 6–25; 2, 26–50; 3, 51–75; and 4, >75%. Similarly, the staining intensity scores were assigned as follows: 0, no staining; 1, weak; 2, moderate; and 3, strong staining. The product of the two integers was used to divide the participants into two groups. Participants with a product ≥4 were designated to the ‘high expression’ group, and those with a product <4 were designated to the ‘low expression’ group. The images were captured with an Olympus BX53 optical microscope (Olympus Corporation) at ×400 magnification. Two senior pathologists independently assessed these scores.

Cell culture and transfection

Human ULMS SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B cell lines were kindly provided by Dr Kong Beihua of the Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University. These cell lines originate from the uterus and have been reported to differ markedly in terms of morphology and karyotype (20). The cells were maintained in minimal essential medium (MEM; cat. no. 11095080; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Biological Industries), 1X solution of non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin in 5% CO2 at 37°C.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CKS2 (si-CKS2 sense, 5′-GGAGACUUGGUGUCCAACATT-3′; and si-CKS2 antisense, 5′-UGUUGGACACCAAGUCUCCTC-3′) and negative control siRNA (si-Ctrl sense, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′; and si-Ctrl antisense, 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3′) were obtained from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. The siRNA oligomer was diluted in Opti-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The diluted siRNA oligomer was mixed with diluted Lipofectamine® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and incubated for 20 min at room temperature to allow the siRNA-lipid complexes to form. The complexes were then added to each well of 6-well plates, giving a final concentration of siRNA of 50 pmol/ml. After incubation in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 4–6 h, the cells were washed three times with Opti-MEM, and returned for incubation for the following procedures.

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) cell proliferation assay

Cell proliferation rates were measured using the CCK-8 (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Following the transfection of cells with si-CKS2 and si-Ctrl (after 24 h), the cells were seeded at a density of 3×103 per well in a 96-well plate. The cells were incubated for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h and 10 µl CCK-8 was subsequently added into each well. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm by a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.), following incubation in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 2 h.

Colony formation

Following 24 h from transfection with si-CKS2 or si-Ctrl, SK-UT-1 or SK-UT-1B cells (500 cells/well) were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated for 14 days to form colonies. The colonies were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet at room temperature for 20 min. Images of colonies were captured by a digital camera and the number of foci containing >50 cells was counted. The mean number of foci formed by si-Ctrl was normalized to 100% and compared with the number of si-CKS2 colonies was compared with it.

Cell migration and invasion assays

The migration assays were carried out using Transwell inserts (Corning Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. For the invasion assays, the membranes of Transwell inserts were coated with Matrigel matrix (BD Biosciences). The Matrigel matrix was diluted by Opti-MEM (1:3; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and incubated at 37°C for 3 h to form the Matrigel coating. Following 24 h transfection with si-RNA, cells (1×105) in 100 µl serum-free medium were placed in the upper chamber, and the lower chamber was filled with 700 µl culture medium with 10% FBS. The cells were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The non-migrated/-invaded cells that remained on the upper chamber were removed. The cells on the lower side of the Transwell membrane were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet at room temperature for 20 min. The number of migrated and invaded cells was counted under a light microscope at 200× magnification in six random fields.

Cell cycle

The effects of silencing CKS2 on cell cycle progression were assessed using propidium iodide staining and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates (2×105 per well) and transfected with si-CKS2 and si-Ctrl. After 48 h, cells were washed with PBS, harvested and fixed in 70% ethanol at 4°C overnight. Cells were treated with DNase-free RNase and stained with propidium iodide (400 µl from 50 µg/ml stock solution) at 4°C for 30 min, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry based on the DNA content of cell populations. Finally, the distribution of cells within the G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases was measured by using ModFit LT 5.0 (Verity Software House, Inc.).

Western blot analysis

Following 48 h transfection with si-RNA, total protein was extracted from the sample with RIPA lysis buffer and protein concentrations were detected by the BCA protein assay kit (both from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Equal amounts of protein (30 µg) were applied to 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and electroblotted to a 0.22-µm polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membranes were blocked by QuickBlock™ Blocking Buffer for Western Blot (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at room temperature for 10 min. After the blocking step, the membranes were incubated with rabbit anti-human CKS2 monoclonal antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab155078; Abcam), anti-beta actin antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab8227; Abcam), anti-claudin-1 antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab15098; Abcam), anti-p38 antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab195049; Abcam) and anti-bax antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab32503; Abcam) at 4°C overnight and then with horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5,000; cat. no. ab 6721; Abcam) at 37°C for 30 min. Finally, the membranes were analyzed using an electrochemiluminescence system (EMD Millipore).

Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Following 24 h transfection with si-RNA, total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and was then transcribed into cDNA with ReverTra Ace qPCR RT kit (cat. no. FSQ-101; Toyobo Life Science). The thermocycling conditions were as follows: 37°C for 15 min and 98°C for 5 min. Quantification of the cDNA template was performed on a Real-time Thermo Cycler (cat. no. C1000; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.), using SYBR-Green Real-time PCR Master mix (cat. no. QPK-201; Toyobo Life Science). The thermocycling conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, and 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 10 sec, annealing at 60°C for 1 min, and extension at 65°C for 5 sec. The primers were as follows: CKS2 forward, 5′-TTCGACGAACACTACGAGTACC-3′; CKS2 reverse, 5′-GGACACCAAGTCTCCTCCAC-3′; GAPDH forward: 5′-TGAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGA-3′; and GAPDH reverse, 5′-CCTGGAAGATGGTGATGGGAT-3′. The dissociation curve analysis was performed in order to guarantee the specificity of the qPCR. The relative expression level of CKS2 was normalized to GAPDH and analyzed by the 2−ΔΔCt method (21).

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp.). The association between CKS2 expression and clinicopathological factors was analyzed by Pearson's χ2 test. The overall survival (OS) rate was analyzed according to the Kaplan-Meier method and the generalized log-rank test was applied to analyze the survival curves. Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses (Cox proportional hazard regression model). Other data are expressed as the mean ± SD and analyzed with Student's t-test. All assays were performed in triplicate. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

CKS2 is overexpressed in ULMS and predicts poor prognosis

To determine the expression of CKS2 in ULMS, its protein expression was analyzed by IHC. The results indicated that the staining of CKS2 was significantly stronger in ULMS tissues than that in ULM. CKS2 expression was high in 63.2% (24 of 38 cases) of the ULMS tissues, whereas only 18.4% (7 of 38 cases) of ULM tissues had high CKS2 expression (P<0.001; Table I; Fig. 1A-D). The expression of CKS2 was mainly located in the nucleus.

Table I.

Expression of CKS2 in ULMS and ULM tissues.

	CKS2 expression
Tissue	High, n	Low, n	P-value
Tissue type			<0.001
ULMS	24	14
ULM	7	31

CKS2, cyclin-dependent kinases subunit 2; ULMS, uterine leiomyosarcoma; ULM, uterine leiomyoma.

Figure 1.

Elevated expression of CKS2 predicts poor prognosis in patients with ULMS. Representative images of CKS2 staining by immunohistochemistry, demonstrating (A) low expression and (B) high expression of CKS2 in ULM tissues; and (C) low expression and (D) high expression of CKS2 in ULMS tissues. Magnification, ×400; scale bar, 20 µm. (E) Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients with ULMS according to the levels of CKS2 expression. CKS2, cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2; ULMS, uterine leiomyosarcoma; ULM, uterine leiomyoma.

To investigate the potential roles of CKS2 in ULMS, patients were divided into two groups according to CKS2 expression. The statistical analysis demonstrated that high expression of CKS2 in patients was associated with larger tumor size and low expression of progesterone receptor (PR); whereas no association of CKS2 expression was observed with other clinicopathological features, such as age, FIGO stage and estrogen receptor expression (Table II).

Table II.

Association between CKS2 expression and clinical features of uterine leiomyosarcoma.

		CKS2 expression
Parameter	Total cases, n	Low (n=14), n	High (n=24), n	P-value
Age, years				0.076
≤45	20	10	10
>45	18	4	14
Tumor size, cm				0.014[a]
≤5	12	8	4
>5	26	6	20
FIGO stage				0.826
I	26	11	15
II	3	1	2
III	5	1	4
IV	4	1	3
ER expression				0.391
Positive	13	6	7
Negative	25	8	17
PR expression				0.048[a]
Positive	14	8	6
Negative	24	6	18

P<0.05. CKS2, cyclin-dependent kinases subunit 2; FIGO, International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor.

The association between CKS2 expression and prognosis was determined by analyzing the OS rates of 38 patients with ULMS. As shown in Fig. 1E, patients in the CKS2 high-expression group had a markedly poorer survival rate than those in the low-expression group (P=0.03). Univariate analysis revealed that CKS2 expression (P=0.040), tumor size (P=0.045) and FIGO stage (P=0.001) were significant risk factors for OS. In multivariate analysis, CKS2 expression (P=0.036) and FIGO stage (P=0.001) were independent predictors of OS with ULMS (Table III). Taken together, the above results indicate that CKS2 expression is upregulated in ULMS, which predicts poor prognosis in ULMS.

Table III.

Univariate and multivariate analysis for prognostic factors of survival of uterine leiomyosarcoma.

			Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Parameter	Category	Cases, n	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
CKS2 expression	Low vs. high	14 vs. 24	2.940 (1.052–8.012)	0.040[a]	3.124 (1.079–9.048)	0.036[a]
Age, years	≤45 vs. >45	20 vs. 18	1.144 (0.463–2.825)	0.771
Tumor size, cm	≤5 vs. >5	12 vs. 26	3.572 (1.028–12.414)	0.045[a]
FIGO stage	I vs. II vs. III vs. IV	26 vs. 3 vs. 5 vs. 4	1.949 (1.312–2.896)	0.001[b]	2.087 (1.341–3.247)	0.001[b]
ER expression	Positive vs. negative	13 vs. 25	0.374 (0.122–1.143)	0.084
PR expression	Positive vs. negative	14 vs. 24	0.407 (0.135–1.231)	0.111

P<0.05

P<0.01. CI, confidence interval; CKS2, cyclin-dependent kinases subunit 2; ER, estrogen receptor; FIGO, International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology; HR, hazard ratio; PR, progesterone receptor.

Silencing of CKS2 inhibits cell proliferation

CKS2 may contribute to the malignant behaviors of ULMS cells, because an association was found between CKS2 expression and tumor size. To determine the role of CKS2 in ULMS, two cell lines (SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B), were selected for further investigation. As shown in Fig. 2A and B, the expression of CKS2 significantly decreased, following the transfection with si-CKS2 (both P<0.01). The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the change in cell viability, as shown in Fig. 2C and D, where knockdown of CKS2 decreased the viability of SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B cells. These results indicate that silencing of CKS2 may inhibit cell proliferation in ULMS cell lines.

Figure 2.

Suppression of CKS2 inhibits cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. (A) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and (B) western blot analysis of CKS2 expression to test the efficiency of si-CKS2 transfection in ULMS cells (SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B). Effects of CKS2 knockdown on (C and D) cell proliferation and (E and F) cell cycle in SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B cells. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. si-Ctrl. CKS2, cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2; si-Ctrl, control small interfering RNA; si-CKS2, small interfering RNA targeting CKS2; OD, optical density.

Silencing of CKS2 inhibits cell cycle progression

As CKS2 is a member of the cell cycle-dependent protein kinase subunits family, cell cycle analysis was performed. The effect of CKS2 knockdown on the distribution of cells at the different phases of the cell cycle was observed. The silencing of CKS2 increased the population of cells at the G1 phase and decreased the cells at S phase (Fig. 2E and F). These results suggest that the silencing of CKS2 can cause cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition phase in ULMS cells.

Silencing of CKS2 inhibits ULMS cell colony formation

The role of CKS2 in cell transformation was subsequently examined by colony-formation assay, to analyze the oncogenic potential of CKS2 in vitro. Both of the ULMS cell lines showed diminished ability to form foci when CKS2 was downregulated by si-CKS2 (Fig. 3A). This indicated that CKS2 contributes to promoting the clonogenic survival of ULMS cells.

Figure 3.

Silencing of CKS2 inhibits colony formation, migration and invasion in SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B cells. (A) The effect of CKS2 knockdown on colony formation. Scale bar, 1 cm. (B) The effect of CKS2 knockdown on cell migration assessed by Transwell assays. (C) The effect of CKS2 knockdown on cell invasion was assessed by Matrigel-coated Transwell assays. Magnification, ×200. **P<0.01 vs. si-Ctrl. CKS2, cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2; si-Ctrl, control small interfering RNA; si-CKS2, small interfering RNA targeting CKS2.

Silencing of CKS2 inhibits cell migration and invasion

To further determine the role of CKS2 in the metastasis of ULMS, the migratory and invasive potential of SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B cells was assessed. Cells were treated with si-CKS2 or si-Ctrl and investigated in in vitro migration and Matrigel invasion assays. As shown in Fig. 3B and C, the migrating and invading cells in the si-CKS2 group were significantly decreased compared with those in the si-Ctrl group in both ULMS cell lines. These results indicate that CKS2 affects ULMS cell migration and invasion.

Furthermore, the effect of si-CKS2 on the apoptosis of ULMS cells was investigated, by measuring the apoptotic rates of si-Ctrl and si-CKS2 by Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining assay. However, the apoptotic rate of si-CKS2 cells (8.2%) was not significantly higher than si-Ctrl cells (5.9%). These results suggest that CKS2 may have no effect on ULMS cell apoptosis (data not shown).

To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the effect of CKS2 in ULMS, western blot analysis was performed to measure changes in the levels of claudin-1, p-p38 and Bax, which were reported to be modulated by CKS2 in other tumors (13,14,16,22). However, there were no significant changes following the silencing of CKS2 in ULMS cells (data not shown). These results suggest that CKS2 may exert its oncogenic function in ULMS through different pathways and further research is required.

Discussion

ULMS, the most common uterine sarcoma, has a poor outcome and a high recurrence rate, according to a survey from 2009 in Norway (4). Furthermore, it remains a clinical challenge to distinguish benign ULM from ULMS (23). Previous studies have shown that ULMS is characteristic of excessive activation of cell proliferation pathways and loss of chromosomal fragments that contain tumor suppressor genes (24,25). The Cancer Genome Atlas found that the most commonly mutated genes of ULMS were TP53, retinoblastoma transcriptional corepressor 1, and alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (26). However, the exact pathophysiological mechanism of ULMS is still unclear.

CKS2, a member of the CKS family, was reported to be highly expressed in various malignant tumors, including breast cancer, esophageal carcinoma and gastric cancer (11–13). It was found to regulate the cell cycle and promote cancer invasion and metastasis (27). Nevertheless, the role of CKS2 in ULMS is not clearly understood.

In the present study, it was demonstrated that CKS2 was upregulated in ULMS tissues compared with ULM tissues. This was consistent with the results reported in studies by Wang et al (12) and Shen et al (15), where CKS2 was found to be upregulated in esophageal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, Tanaka et al (13) also found that overexpression of CKS2 was correlated with tumor size, serosal invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in gastric cancer. Furthermore, Wang et al (11) found that CKS2 was upregulated in breast cancer and associated with large tumor size, poor tumor differentiation and survival. In the present study, in addition to the association with large tumor size and poor prognosis in ULMS, CKS2 overexpression was also associated with lack of PR expression. Due to the low incidence rate of ULMS (only 0.4 out of 100,000 women each year, according to a survey from 2012 in Nordic countries) (28), the sample size is a limitation of the present study and will be addressed in future studies.

To further determine the role of CKS2 in ULMS, its expression was silenced using siRNA. The CCK-8 and colony-formation assays demonstrated that the silencing of CKS2 decreased cell viability and weakened the colony-forming ability of ULMS cells. These results indicate that CKS2 promotes cell proliferation and the clonogenic survival of ULMS cells.

Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the silencing of CKS2 in ULMS cells increased the cells at the G1 phase and decreased the cells at the S phase. Yu et al (14) demonstrated that downregulation of CKS2 resulted in cell cycle arrest in G1/S transition in colorectal cancer, whereas Shen et al (16) found that silencing of CKS2 increased the number of cells at the G2/M phase and decreased the number at G1 and S phase in cholangiocarcinoma. CKS2 was reported to be associated with somatic cell division and meiosis (9,10); however, the effect of CKS2 on the cell cycle is still unclear. In the present study, the results demonstrated that CKS2 serves as a cell cycle checkpoint protein for G1/S transition, which may be how CKS2 contributes to ULMS progression.

CKS2 does not only regulate the cell cycle in ULMS cells, but also has a notable effect on the capacity for migration and invasion. Specifically, the results showed that the knockdown of CKS2 inhibited ULMS cell migration and invasion in vitro. Similarly, Tanaka et al (13) and Yu et al (14) demonstrated that downregulation of CKS2 weakened the capacity of migration and invasion in gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. These findings indicate that CKS2 promotes the migration and invasion of ULMS cells, and therefore promotes metastasis. This may explain the occurrence of early metastasis in patients with ULMS. However, further study is required to elucidate the potential mechanisms.

In conclusion, this is the first study to investigate the function of CKS2 in ULMS. The findings of this study indicate that CKS2 plays an important role in ULMS and may serve as a useful marker for the differential diagnosis of ULMS and ULM. It is postulated that CKS2 exerts its oncogenic effects by promoting G1/S transition, proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in ULMS cells. It may also act as an independent prognostic factor in patients with ULMS and serve as a novel target for ULMS therapy.