Functional analysis of deubiquitylating enzymes in tumorigenesis and development.

Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that remove the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitylated substrates to antagonize the modification mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. Currently, DUBs have been found to play critical roles in the regulation of various physiological or pathological processes, such as embryogenesis, immune homeostasis, tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidences have suggested that different DUBs exert distinct function such as oncogenic, tumor-suppressive or context-dependent roles in tumorigenesis, mainly by affecting the protein stability, enzymatic activity or subcellular localization of its substrates. Importantly, multiple potent inhibitors targeting the enzymatic activity of oncogenic DUBs have been developed and show promising anti-cancer efficacy in preclinical models. Thus, exploring the unique role of DUB enzymes and their downstream effectors will provide novel insights into the molecular basis of cancer development. Here, we review and summarize recent progress on DUB functional annotation, as well as its biochemical regulation, to provide a better understanding for cancer therapies by targeting DUBs.