Insights into Active Targeting of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Advances in Clinical Studies and Design Considerations for Cancer Nanomedicine.

Nanomedicine is a promising strategy for improving clinical outcomes for cancer therapies, by improving drug efficacy through enhanced delivery to disease sites. It is of importance for ultimate clinical success to consider the contributing factors to achieving this goal, such as size, chemistry, and functionality of nanoparticle delivery systems, and how these parameters influence tumor localization and uptake. This Topical Review will first discuss the evolution and progress of nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery and the current challenges that remain to be addressed. Strategies for overcoming the limitations of passive targeting through active targeting approaches, and the current state of such nanomedicines in the clinic will be highlighted. Finally, novel approaches toward the design of active targeted nanoparticles building on our growing understanding of nanobio interactions are considered, in order to shed light on future design considerations for accelerating clinical translation of nanomedicines.