Steven P Masiano1, Tiffany L Green2, Bassam Dahman2, April D Kimmel2. 1. Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi. Electronic address: smasiano@tingathe.org. 2. Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Although many sub-Saharan African countries have scaled-up pilot projects of community-based distribution (CBD) of family planning services, the effects of the scaled-up CBDs on contraceptive use remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We leveraged a national scale-up of Malawi's Learning and Innovation Population and Family Planning pilot to evaluate the effects of a scale-up of CBDs on contraceptive use. We also investigated whether education and income, two important determinants of contraceptive use behaviors, moderate the effects of the scaled-up CBDs. METHOD: We used the 2000/2004 and 2010/2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys (N = 57,978) and difference-in-differences analyses to estimate the effects of the 2005 national scale-up of CBDs on modern contraceptive use. We used rural and urban communities as the intervention and comparison groups because the national CBDs were implemented only in rural communities. Contraceptive use is defined as the current use of any modern contraceptive method (e.g., pills) and was modelled using multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS: Prior to the implementation of the national scale CBDs (2000/2004), the probability of using contraceptives was 21.5% in rural communities and 26.3% in urban communities. After the scale-up (2010/2016), the probability of using contraceptives increased in both rural and urban communities but was greater in rural communities (44.9% vs. 42.9%). The effect attributable to the national scale CBDs was 6.8 percentage points (95% CI [3.3, 9.7]). The effects of the national CBDs were greater among uneducated and low-income women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that national CBDs increase overall contraceptive use, particularly in rural communities, and that poor and uneducated women benefit more from family planning interventions that reduce communication and financial barriers.
RATIONALE: Although many sub-Saharan African countries have scaled-up pilot projects of community-based distribution (CBD) of family planning services, the effects of the scaled-up CBDs on contraceptive use remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We leveraged a national scale-up of Malawi's Learning and Innovation Population and Family Planning pilot to evaluate the effects of a scale-up of CBDs on contraceptive use. We also investigated whether education and income, two important determinants of contraceptive use behaviors, moderate the effects of the scaled-up CBDs. METHOD: We used the 2000/2004 and 2010/2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys (N = 57,978) and difference-in-differences analyses to estimate the effects of the 2005 national scale-up of CBDs on modern contraceptive use. We used rural and urban communities as the intervention and comparison groups because the national CBDs were implemented only in rural communities. Contraceptive use is defined as the current use of any modern contraceptive method (e.g., pills) and was modelled using multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS: Prior to the implementation of the national scale CBDs (2000/2004), the probability of using contraceptives was 21.5% in rural communities and 26.3% in urban communities. After the scale-up (2010/2016), the probability of using contraceptives increased in both rural and urban communities but was greater in rural communities (44.9% vs. 42.9%). The effect attributable to the national scale CBDs was 6.8 percentage points (95% CI [3.3, 9.7]). The effects of the national CBDs were greater among uneducated and low-income women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that national CBDs increase overall contraceptive use, particularly in rural communities, and that poor and uneducated women benefit more from family planning interventions that reduce communication and financial barriers.
Keywords:
Community-based distribution; Contraceptive use; Family planning; Malawi; Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys; Rural; Scale-up; Sub-Saharan Africa