Transformation of Nanoscale and Ionic Cu and Zn during the Incineration of Digested Sewage Sludge (Biosolids).

Engineered nanoparticles (NP) discharged to sewers are efficiently retained by wastewater treatment plants and accumulate in the sewage sludge, which is commonly digested. The resulting biosolids are either used as fertilizer or incinerated. In this study, we address the transformation of Cu and Zn during sewage sludge incineration and evaluate whether the form of Cu or Zn (nanoparticulate versus dissolved) added to the digested sewage sludge affects the fate of the metals during incineration. We spiked CuO-NP, dissolved CuSO4, ZnO-NP, or dissolved ZnSO4 into anaerobically digested sewage sludge to reach Cu and Zn concentrations of ≈2500 and ≈3700 mg/kg and maintained the sludge under mesophilic, anaerobic conditions for 24 h. Subsequently, the sludge was incinerated in a pilot fluidized bed reactor. The speciation of Cu and Zn in the sludge, derived from X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, was dominated by sulfidic species, with >90% of Cu and >60% of Zn coordinated to reduced sulfur groups. In the ash, both Cu (>60%) and Zn (≈100%) were coordinated to oxygen. The chemical speciation of Cu and Zn in the ashes was independent of whether they were spiked in the dissolved or nanoparticulate form and closely matched the speciation of Cu and Zn observed in ashes from full-scale incinerators.