Three new species of the planthopper genus Sinonissus Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018 from southwest China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae).

The diagnostic characters of the Chinese planthopper genus Sinonissus Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018 are redefined. Three new species of this genus, S. daozhenensis Chang & Chen, sp. nov. (Guizhou), S. hamulatus Chang & Chen, sp. nov. (Guizhou) and S. longicaudus Chang & Chen, sp. nov. (Sichuan) are described and illustrated, and their female genitalia compared. A checklist and key to the Chinese species of Sinonissus are given.

Introduction

The family Spinola, 1839 is one of the largest planthopper families (, ), distributed in worldwide. Wang et al. (2016) proposed that the family was divided into Spinola, 1839 (including two tribes), Melichar, 1906 (including one tribe), and , Melichar, 1906 (including four tribes), based on molecular data of 18S, 28S, COXI, and Cytb. The tribe Spinola, 1839 was placed in the subfamily with Melichar, 1906, but it differs from by a number of characters: forewings with veins running in parallel; ScP+R, MP, and CuA bifurcated, the veins nearly reaching to the apical margin of the forewing; hind wings well developed or rudimentary; phallobase with one paired digitate processes on the inner side of the dorsolateral lobe (Gnezdilov 2003, 2016). Currently, the tribe consists of four genera: Brullé, 1832, Dlabola, 1974, Haupt, 1956, and Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018 (Gnezdilov and Bourgoin 2016; Wang et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2018). Wang et al. (2018) established the genus with one species from China (Sichuan, Chongqing).

The aim of this paper is to describe three new species of from China bringing the total number of species to four. Generic characteristics are redefined and a checklist and key to Chinese species of is provided.

Materials and methods

The morphological terminology of the head and body follows Chan and Yang (1994) and Bourgoin et al. (2015), and the terminology of male and female genitalia follows Bourgoin (1993) and Gnezdilov (2002, 2003). Dry specimens were used for descriptions and illustrations. External morphology was observed under a stereoscopic microscope. All measurements are in millimeters (mm). The body measurements are from the apex of vertex to the tip of the forewings. The genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated in 10% NaOH, washed in water, and transferred to glycerin. Illustrations of the specimens were made with a Leica M125 and Olympus CX41 stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with a Keyence VHX-1000C.

The type specimens and other examined specimens of the newly described species are all deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China ().

Taxonomy

Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018

EBE70264B0D75F3D81294AAC93E1FE08

Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018: 53, figs 1–18.

Type species.

Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018.

Diagnostic characters.

Body small, slightly flat in vertical view. Width of head (Figs 1, 3, 5, 7) including eyes narrower than pronotum. Vertex (Figs 13, 32, 51) with width at base longer than length in middle ca. three times, disc of vertex depressed distinct, without median carina, anterior margin slightly convex or nearly straight, posterior margin obviously arched concave. Gena (Figs 14, 33, 52) with one obvious ocellus between compound eye and antenna in lateral view. Frons (Figs 15, 34, 53) rectangular, with median carina explicit, without lateral carina, the apical margin straight or not obviously forked, nearly reaching to frontoclypeal suture, with weeny tubercles near lateral margin, lateral margin nearly paralleled, the base slightly narrow, broader toward to apical margin, the widest below level of compound eyes. Clypeus (Figs 15, 34, 53) triangular, with median carina distinct or obscure. Rostrum surpassing mesotrochanters. Pronotum (Figs 13, 32, 51) without median carina or degraded, with lateral carina, without sub-lateral carina, pit each other between median carina and lateral carina, apical margin obtuse-angle concaved, posterior margin straight. Mesonotum (Figs 13, 32, 51) triangular, with median carina obvious or obscure or not, without sub-lateral carina. Forewings (Figs 9, 16, 35, 54) ovate, with length ca. 1.8 times longer than maximum width, anterior margin slightly cambered, anterior margin and posterior margin subparallel, apical margin obtusely rounded, longitudinal veins obvious and elevate, short transverse veins pale, with wide “hypocostal plate”, ScP and RP convergent near base, ScP vein long, no forked, nearly reaching the apical margin forewing, MP bifurcating two branches in basal 1/3, CuA forked into two branches near middle, behind the joint of Pcu and A1; CuP present, Pcu and A1 uniting in middle of clavus. Hindwings (Figs 17, 55) absent or reduced, small, vein simple. Hind tibiae each with two lateral spines, spinal formula of hind leg (7-9)–(8-9)–2.

Figures 1–8.

Habitus of species. 1, 2 Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018 3, 4 Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 5, 6 Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 7, 8 Chang & Chen, sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 13–22.

Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 13 head and thorax, dorsal view 14 head and thorax, lateral view 15 head, ventral view 16 forewing 17 hindwing 18 male genitalia, lateral view 19 anal segment, dorsal view 20 capitulum of genital styles, ventral view 21 phallobase and aedeagus, lateral view 22 phallobase and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: a, lobe-like process; b, long flexuous process.

Figures 32–41.

Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 32 head and thorax, dorsal view 33 head and thorax, lateral view 34 head, ventral view 35 forewing 35 male genitalia, lateral view 37 anal segment, dorsal view 38 genital styles, lateral view 39 capitulum of genital styles, ventral view 40 phallobase and aedeagus, lateral view 41 phallobase and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: a, finger-like cystiform process; b, curved rod-like process; c, short hooked process.

Figures 51–60.

Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 51 head and thorax, dorsal view 52 head and thorax, lateral view 53 head, ventral view 54 forewing 55 hindwing 56 male genitalia, lateral view 57 anal segment, dorsal view 58 capitulum of genital styles, ventral view 59 phallobase and aedeagus, lateral view 60 phallobase and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: a, horned cystiform process; b, thin rod-like process; c, ventral lobe process; d, long flagellate process.

Figures 9–12.

Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018 9 forewing 10 male genitalia, lateral view 11 anal segment, dorsal view 12 phallobase and aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: a, short hooked process.

Male genitalia.

Anal tube (Figs 11, 19, 37, 57) moderately long, irregularly pentagonal in dorsal view, the basal part narrow, the apical part more broad, maximum width in apical 1/3 of anal tube. Anal style (Figs 11, 19, 37, 57) moderately long, not surpassing anal tube. Pygofer (Figs 10, 18, 36, 56) symmetrical, irregularly rectangular; anterior margin and posterior margin nearly paralleled in lateral view, dorsal margin and ventral margin nearly paralleled in lateral view. Genital styles (Figs 10, 18, 38, 56) relatively rectangular, dorsal margin and ventral margin slightly arched, without triangular prominence near dorsal margin before capitulum. Capitulum of genital styles irregularly triangular, the basal part with half-elliptical process, the apical part with thin triangular process, neck obvious. Phallobase (Figs 12, 21, 40, 59) symmetrical, “U”-shaped tube in lateral view, dorsal lobe with apical part membranous, splitting into one sclerous branch in apical 1/3, with lateral lobe splitting into two branches, with ventral lobe shorter than dorsal lobe. Aedeagus (Figs 12, 21, 40, 59) with various long processes in lateral view.

Female genitalia

(Figs 23–25, 42–44, 61–63). Anal tube (Figs 26, 45, 64) ovate, long in middle than the width, apical margin with unobvious or obvious membranous triangular protuberance. Anal style (Figs 26, 45, 64) long, located near base of anal tube. Hind margin of gonocoxa VIII with endogonocoxal lobe not obvious (Figs 27, 46, 65), endogonocoxal process membranous, narrowing gradually. Anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII irregularly rectangular, with sclerous triangular process in basal dorsal margin, with two or three lateral teeth bearing two or three keels in lateral group and three teeth in apical group (Figs 27, 46, 65). Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX (Figs 28, 29, 47, 48, 66, 67) triangular, with lateral field and sublateral field without obvious process (Figs 28, 47, 66); median field with prominence (median dorsal process) (Figs 28, 47, 66); ventroposterior lobes bent angle obtuse or acute (posterior ventral lobes) (Figs 29, 48, 67). Gonoplacs (Figs 30, 49, 68) without keels. Hind margin of sternum VII (Figs 31, 50, 69) median sunken, without any process in ventral view.

Figures 23–31.

Female genitalia. Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 23 dorsal view 24 lateral view 25 ventral view 26 anal segment, dorsal view 27 anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII, lateral view 28 posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX, dorsal view 29 posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX, lateral view 30 gonoplacs, lateral view 31 sternum VII, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: lf, lateral field of posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX; mdp, medial dorsal process; mf, medial field of posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX; pvd, posterior ventral lobes; slf, sublateral field of posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX.

Figures 42–50.

Female genitalia. Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 42 dorsal view 43 lateral view 44 ventral view 45 anal segment, dorsal view 46 anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII, lateral view 47 posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX, dorsal view 48 posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX, lateral view 49 gonoplacs, lateral view 50 sternum VII, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 61–69.

Female genitalia. Chang & Chen, sp. nov. 61 dorsal view 62 lateral view 63 ventral view 64 anal segment, dorsal view 65 anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII, lateral view 66 Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX, dorsal view 67 Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX, lateral view 68 Gonoplacs, lateral view 69 Sternum VII, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Checklist of Chinese species of Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018

Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018; Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan.

Chang & Chen, sp. nov.; Guizhou.

Chang & Chen, sp. nov.; Guizhou.

Chang & Chen, sp. nov.; Sichuan.

Key to species of (based on females)

Notes: The female of has not been examined, so this species cannot be included in the key.

Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018

02452CCCA8DF5B0E95AD67CB16120EE1

Figs 1 , 2 , 9–12

Wang et al., 2018: 54: figs 1–18.

Material examined.

1♂, China: Guizhou, Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve (, 315 m), 28–29 May 2006, Y Tang leg..

Distribution.

China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan).

Chang & Chen sp. nov.

164B5D643EAA548AB200EF4F1F4DBE09

http://zoobank.org/1FF7BADC-7A3B-4665-B50F-91F090D2F252

Figs 3 , 4 , 13–22 , 23–31

Type material.

Holotype: ♂, China: Guizhou, Daozhen County, Sanqiao Town (, 1300–1600 m), 22–24 May 2004, B Zhang and P Xu leg.; paratypes: 3♀♀, same data as holotype; 1♂, Guizhou, Daozhen County, Sanqiao Town (, 1500 m), 23 May 2004, X-S Chen leg.; 2♀♀, Guizhou, Daozhen County, Dashahe National Nature Reserve (, 600–700 m), 25–27 May 2004, B Zhang and P Xu leg.; 1♀, Guizhou, Daozhen County, Sanqiao Town (, 600–900 m), 16 Sept. 2005, Q-Z Song leg..

Diagnosis.

This species is similar to , but it differs from the latter by phallobase with ventral lobe with lobe-like process near middle in lateral view (Fig. 21: a); aedeagus with long flexuous process near middle in lateral view (Fig. 21: b); posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX with median field with symmetrical ear-shaped prominences (Fig. 28).

Description.

Body length: male 3.85–4.04 mm, female 4.14–4.4 mm. Forewing: male 3.27–3.33 mm, female 3.38–3.54 mm.

General color brown (Figs 3, 4). Vertex, pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 13) yellow brown. Eyes brown to black (Fig. 14). Forewings (Fig. 3) pale brown, longitudinal veins pale brown, transverse veins pale white. Hindwings brownish black. Legs yellow brown, with tips of spines on hind tibiae and tarsi black.

Head (Fig. 13) including eyes slightly narrower than pronotum (0.80: 1.00). Vertex (Fig. 13) shorter in middle than the wide at base (1.00: 2.52). Frons (Fig. 15) longer in midline than the widest breath (1.15: 1.00), median carina with the apical margin straight, nearly reaching to frontoclypeal suture. Clypeus (Fig. 15) triangular, with distinct median carina. Pronotum (Fig. 13) with median carina obscure, lateral carina reaching to the posterior margin. Mesonotum (Fig. 13) triangular, with median carina obscure. Forewings (Fig. 16) elongate, 1.67 times as long as maximum breadth. Hindwings (Fig. 17) reduced, small, with one vein. Hind tibiae each with two lateral spines, spinal formula of hind leg (8-9)–(8-9)–2.

Anal tube (Fig. 19) irregularly pentagonal in dorsal view, the widest in apical 1/3, longer in midline than the width (1.49: 1.00). Anal style (Fig. 19) sturdy and long, located at the base 1/3 of anal tube. Pygofer (Fig. 18) with dorsal margin slightly narrow than ventral margin, posterior margin convex in middle. Genital styles (Fig. 18) relatively rectangular, dorsal margin and ventral margin nearly parallel. Capitulum of genital styles relative long, irregularly triangular, neck obvious (Fig. 20). Phallobase (Figs 21, 22) with dorsal lobe cystiform at apical part, with stout rod-like process in apical half in lateral view; lateral lobe splitting into two stout branches; ventral lobe with one lobe-like process near middle in lateral view (Fig. 21: a), in ventral view, looking like three obvious lobes (Fig. 22: a), short, the apical margin arced convexly, reaching to 2/3 of dorsal lobe. Aedeagus with long flexuous process at middle in lateral view (Figs 21: b, 22: b).

(Figs 23–31). Anal tube (Fig. 26) nearly oval, longer in middle than the widest breadth (1.61: 1.00), the apical margin arced, with unobvious membranous triangular protuberance, the widest at the basal 1/2. Anal style long, located at the basal 1/4 of anal tube (Fig. 26). Anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII with obviously sclerous triangular process in basal dorsal margin, with three lateral teeth bearing three keels in lateral group and three apical teeth (Fig. 27). Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX (Figs 28, 29) relative broad, median field symmetrical, with two ear-shaped prominences (medial dorsal process) (Fig. 28); ventroposterior lobes bent at obtuse angle (posterior ventral lobes) (Fig. 29). Gonoplacs (Fig. 30) without keels. Hind margin of sternum VII median slightly concaved in ventral view (Fig. 31).

Etymology.

The new species is named for its collecting location in the Daozhen County (Guizhou Province).

Host plant.

Bamboo ( Hsueh & Yi).

China (Guizhou).

Remark.

This species is similar to , but it differs from the latter by: 1) the width of vertex (Fig. 13) as long as 2.52 times in middle line; 2) phallobase with ventral lobe with lobe-like process near middle in lateral view, in ventral view ventral lobe tree lobes (Figs 21, 22); 3) aedeagus with long flexuous process near middle in lateral view (Fig. 21); 4) female genitalia with posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX with median field with symmetrical ear-shaped prominences (Fig. 28).

Chang & Chen sp. nov.

AA523653ACE55336BB95675EC2750881

http://zoobank.org/57E722C1-CB99-42BD-B7A9-2BC8FA0084E9

Figs 5 , 6 , 32–41 , 42–50

Holotype: ♂, China: Guizhou, Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve (, 500–1800 m), 1–3 June 2002, X-S Chen leg.; paratypes: 10♂♂ 10♀♀, same data as holotype.

This species is similar to , but it differs from the latter by anal tube with spoon-like protrusion in lateral view (Fig. 36) (without spoon-like protrusion in ); dorsal lobe of phallobase with rod-like cystiform processes at apical part (Fig. 40) (without rod-like process in ); aedeagus with short hooked process, tip of process directed to dorso-posterior (Fig. 40) (tip of process directed to dorso-anterior in ).

Body length: male 3.61–3.98 mm, female 4.12–4.52 mm. Forewing: male 2.97–3.39 mm, female 3.46–3.80 mm.

General color pale yellow to yellowish brown (Figs 5, 6). Vertex, pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 32) pale yellow. Eyes brown to black (Fig. 33). Forewings (Fig. 5) pale yellow or yellowish brown, longitudinal veins pale brown, transverse veins pale white. Legs yellow brown, with tips of spines on hind tibiae and tarsi black.

Head (Fig. 32) including eyes slightly narrower than pronotum (0.75: 1.00). Vertex (Fig. 32) shorter in middle than the wide at base (1.00: 3.00). Frons (Fig. 34) longer in middle than the widest breath (1.09: 1.00), median carina with the apical margin obscurely forked, nearly reaching to frontoclypeal suture. Clypeus triangular, with distinct median carina (Fig. 34). Pronotum (Fig. 32) with median carina obscure, lateral carina reaching to the posterior margin. Mesonotum (Fig. 32) triangular, without median carina. Forewings (Fig. 35) elongate, 1.82 times as long as maximum breadth. Hindwings absolutely reduced. Hind tibiae each with two lateral spines, spinal formula of hind leg 7–9–2.

Anal tube (Fig. 37) irregularly ligulate in dorsal view, the widest in apical 1/3, longer in midline than the width (1.85: 1.00), in lateral view anal tube with spoon-like protrusion (Fig. 36). Anal style (Fig. 37) sturdy and long, located at the base third of anal tube. Pygofer (Fig. 36) with dorsal margin slightly narrow than ventral margin. Genital styles (Fig. 38) relatively rectangular, dorsal margin slightly arched. Capitulum of genital styles relative long, irregularly triangular, neck obvious (Fig. 39). Phallobase (Figs 40, 41) with dorsal lobe finger-like cystiform process near apical part (Fig. 40: a), with relatively curved rod-like process in apical 1/3 (Fig. 40: b) in lateral view; lateral lobe splitting into two stout branches, the apical margin truncated in ventral view; ventral lobe short, unobvious lobe-like process near middle, reaching to 3/4 of dorsal lobe in lateral view, with three unobvious small lobes in ventral view. Aedeagus with short hooked process in the middle in lateral view, directed to dorso-posterior (Figs 40: c, 41: c).

(Figs 42–50). Anal tube (Fig. 45) nearly oval, longer in middle than the widest breadth (1.70: 1.00), the apical margin arched, with unobvious membranous triangular protuberance, the widest at the basal 1/2. Anal style long, located at the basal fifth of anal tube (Fig. 45). Anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII with obviously sclerous triangular process in basal dorsal margin, with three lateral teeth bearing three keels in lateral group and three apical teeth (Fig. 46). Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX (Figs 47, 48) relatively broad, median field symmetrical, with nearly circular prominences, apical margin deeply incised in middle (medial dorsal process) (Fig. 47); ventroposterior lobes bent at obtuse angle (posterior ventral lobes), with membranous triangular process at inner region near the apical part (Fig. 48). Gonoplacs (Fig. 49) without keels. Hind margin of sternum VII median distinctly concave in ventral view (Fig. 50).

This new species is derived from the Latin word , referring to the short hamular process of aedeagus.

Unknown.

China (Guizhou).

Remarks.

This new species is distinguished from other species of this genus by: 1) anal tube irregularly ligulate in dorsal view, with spoon-like protrusion in lateral view (Fig. 37); 2) phallobase with dorsal lobe rod-like cystiform processes at apical part, ventral lobes with three not obvious small lobes in ventral view (Fig. 40); 3) aedeagus with short hooked process in middle in lateral view (Fig. 40); 4) female genitalia with posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX in median field with nearly circular process (Fig. 47).

Chang & Chen sp. nov.

1F35D66B216E55059261C358A3A07548

http://zoobank.org/730FE54F-DB72-4DC8-9A13-69C16ED1A8DD

Figs 7 , 8 , 51–60 , 61–69

Holotype: ♂, China: Sichuan, Emeishan, Da’e Village (), 12–14 July 2010, Y-L Zheng leg.; paratypes: 1♂6♀♀, same data as holotype, Y-L Zheng and P Zhang leg.; 1♂1♀, Sichuan, Emeishan (), 3 Aug. 2012, H Li leg..

This species is similar to but can be distinguished from the latter by aedeagus (Fig. 59) with long flagellate process in the middle in lateral view; phallobase (Fig. 60) with ventral lobe triangular, apical margin extremely narrow, the basal part broad in ventral view.

Body length: male 3.38–3.63 mm, female 4.05–4.36 mm. Forewing: male 2.74–3.01 mm, female 3.27–3.62 mm.

General color pale yellow to pale yellowish brown (Figs 7, 8). Vertex, pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 51) pale yellow. Eyes brown (Fig. 52). Forewings (Fig. 7) pale yellow or yellowish brown, longitudinal veins pale brown, transverse veins pale white. Legs yellow brown, with tips of spines on hind tibiae and tarsi black.

Head (Fig. 51) including eyes slightly narrower than pronotum (0.73: 1.00). Vertex (Fig. 51) shorter in middle than the wide at base (1.00: 3.33). Frons (Fig. 53) longer in middle than the widest breath (1.14: 1.00), median carina with the apical margin straight, nearly reaching to frontoclypeal suture. Clypeus triangular, with obscure median carina (Fig. 53). Pronotum (Fig. 51) with median carina obscure, lateral carina reaching to the posterior margin. Mesonotum (Fig. 51) triangular, with median carina obvious. Forewings (Fig. 54) elongate, 1.78 times as long as maximum breadth. Hindwings (Fig. 55) reduced, small, with two veins. Hind tibiae each with two lateral spines, spinal formula of hind leg 8–8–2.

Anal tube (Fig. 57) irregularly pentagonal in dorsal view, widest in the middle, longer in midline than the width (1.41: 1.00), ventral margin nearly straight. Anal style sturdy and short, located at the base half of anal tube (Fig. 57). Pygofer (Fig. 56) with dorsal margin narrower than ventral margin. Genital styles (Fig. 56) rectangular, dorsal margin and ventral margin nearly parallel. Capitulum of genital styles relatively short, irregularly triangular, neck obvious (Fig. 58). Phallobase (Figs 59, 60) with dorsal lobe small horned cystiform process at apical part (Fig. 59: a), with relatively straight thin rod-like process in apical 1/4 (Fig. 59: b) in lateral view; lateral lobe splitting into two stout branches, the apical margin arced in ventral view; ventral lobe short, reaching to 5/6 of dorsal lobe in lateral view, in ventral view the apical part triangular, apical margin extremely narrow, the basal part broad (Figs 59: c, 60: c). Aedeagus with long flagellate process in the middle in lateral view, directed to dorso-anterior (Fig. 59: d).

(Figs 61–69). Anal tube (Fig. 64) nearly oval, longer in middle than the widest breadth (1.29: 1.00), the apical margin arced, with obvious membranous triangular protuberance, the widest near the basal 1/3. Anal style long, located at the basal third of anal tube (Fig. 64). Anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII with obviously sclerous triangular process in basal dorsal margin, with two lateral teeth bearing two or three keels in lateral group and two or three apical teeth (Fig. 65). Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX (Figs 66, 67) relatively narrow, median field asymmetrical, with tubercle-like prominences (medial dorsal process) (Fig. 66); ventroposterior lobes bent at acute angle (posterior ventral lobes) (Fig. 67). Gonoplacs (Fig. 68) without keels. Hind margin of sternum VII median distinctly concave in ventral view (Fig. 69).

This new species is named for the presence of one long flagellate process of aedeagus.

Unknown.

China (Sichuan).

This new species is distinguished from other species of this genus by: 1) aedeagus with long flagellate process in the middle in lateral view, directed to dorso-anterior (Fig. 59: d); 2) phallobase with dorsolateral lobe relatively straight, thin, rod-like process in lateral view (Fig. 59: b), ventral lobes triangular, apical margin extremely narrow, basal part broad in ventral view (Fig. 60: c); 3) female genitalia with posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX median field asymmetrical, with tubercle-like prominences (Fig. 66).

Discussion

According to the geographic distribution of the four species of , all species are distributed in the Oriental region and appear to be found only in China (Fig. 70). Following the taxonomic system of Gnezdilov (2002, 2003, 2009, 2013), the family consists of three tribes: Spinola, 1839, Melichar, 1906, and Cheng & Yang, 1991, all in the subfamily , and the genera and Emeljanov, 1971 may also be placed in Spinola, 1839, due to the genera having the following characters in common: the small body size, the vertex with its width longer along the midline, the forewing with veins running in parallel, the hind wing reduced or absent, and the phallobase without paired digitate processes on the inner side of the dorsolateral lobe.

Figure 70.

Geographical distribution of .

Wang et al. (2016, 2018) placed in the and in in a new taxonomic system, based on limited molecular data. According to Bourgoin (2018), the subfamily contains the tribe (including 61 genera) and (including four genera) in the world. The subfamily is characteristically distributed in Wallace’s Palaearctic region. In China, there are two genera recorded in the tribe , Brullé, 1832, and Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018, and two genera in : Emeljanov, 1971, Gnezdilov, 2017. Fewer species were recorded in the subfamily : (Fabricius, 1781) distributed in Hong Kong and four species of in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou (see Fig. 70). Gnezdilov (2017) recorded (Melichar, 1902) in Sichuan; four species of Emeljanov, 1971 have been recorded in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xingjiang (Meng and Wang 2012, Chen et al. 2014). Except , other species and genera of in China are distributed in the Oriental region. Thus, the phylogeny based on the geographical distribution of is unstable and paradoxical.

For the female genitalia of , only female genitalia of and were examined in this work. is obviously different from in the anal tube having an apical margin and an obvious membranous triangular protuberance, widest near the basal half; the anal style is long (Figs 26, 45, 64) [anal tube with apical margin without triangular protuberance, lateral margin parallel, anal style short in (Figs 71, 73)]; and the anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII has the apical part sclerous (Figs 27, 46, 65) [membranous in (Figs 72, 74)].

Figures 71–74.

Female genitalia. 71, 72 Chen, Zhang & Chang, 2014 73, 74 Chen, Zhang & Chang, 2014 71, 73 anal segment, dorsal view 72, 74 anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

The phylogeny based on a combination of the geographical distribution, male and female characters, and molecular data may be more convincing. Unfortunately, there is no further morphological information and molecular data is unavailable.

1	Vertex with the width ca. 2.5 times as long as the middle line (Fig. 13)	S. daozhenensis sp. nov.
–	Vertex with the width ca. 3.0 times as long as the middle line (Figs 32, 51)	2
2	Aedeagus with flagellate process in the middle in lateral view (Fig. 59); phallobase with ventral lobe triangular in ventral view (Fig. 60)	S. longicaudus sp. nov.
–	Aedeagus with short hooked process in the middle in lateral view; phallobase with ventral lobe sub-rectangular in ventral view	3
3	Anal tube with spoon-like protrusion in lateral view (Fig. 36); aedeagus with short hooked process, tip of process directed to dorso-posterior (Fig. 40)	S. hamulatus sp. nov.
–	Anal tube without spoon-like protrusion in lateral view (Figs 10, 11); aedeagus with short hooked process, tip of process directed to dorso-anterior (Fig. 12)	S. brunetus

1	Posterior connective lamina with median field with two ear-shaped prominences (Fig. 28)	S. daozhenensis sp. nov.
–	Posterior connective lamina without the above characters	2
2	Posterior connective lamina with median field with near circular prominences (Fig. 47)	S. hamulatus sp. nov.
–	Posterior connective lamina with median field with tubercle-like prominences (Fig. 66)	S. longicaudus sp. nov.