| Literature DB >> 31423019 |
Ruben-J Kuon1, Pauline Voß1, Werner Rath2.
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of preterm birth remains one of the biggest challenges in obstetrics. Worldwide, 11% of all children are born prematurely with far-reaching consequences for the children concerned, their families and the health system. Experimental studies suggest that progesterone inhibits uterine contractions, stabilises the cervix and has immunomodulatory effects. Recent years have seen the publication of numerous clinical trials using progestogens for the prevention of preterm birth. As a result of different inclusion criteria and the use of different progestogens and their methods of administration, it is difficult to draw comparisons between these studies. A critical evaluation of the available studies was therefore carried out on the basis of a search of the literature (1956 to 09/2018). Taking into account the most recent randomised, controlled studies, the following evidence-based recommendations emerge: In asymptomatic women with singleton pregnancies and a short cervical length on ultrasound of ≤ 25 mm before 24 weeks of gestation (WG), daily administration of vaginal progesterone (200 mg capsule or 90 mg gel) up until 36 + 6 WG leads to a significant reduction in the preterm birth rate and an improvement in neonatal outcome. The latest data also suggest positive effects of treatment with progesterone in cases of twin pregnancies with a short cervical length on ultrasound of ≤ 25 mm before 24 WG. The study data for the administration of progesterone in women with singleton pregnancies with a previous preterm birth have become much more heterogeneous, however. It is not possible to make a general recommendation for this indication at present, and decisions must therefore be made on a case-by-case basis. Even if progesterone use is considered to be safe in terms of possible long-term consequences, exposure should be avoided where it is not indicated. Careful patient selection is crucial for the success of treatment.Entities:
Keywords: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate; cervical length; preterm birth; progesterone
Year: 2019 PMID: 31423019 PMCID: PMC6690740 DOI: 10.1055/a-0854-6472
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Progesterone therapy for the prevention of preterm birth: type, method of administration, dose and interval.
| Type | Method of administration | Dose (mg) | Interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17-OHPC: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate | |||
| 17-OHPC | Intramuscular injection | 250 | Weekly |
| Natural micronised progesterone | Vaginal pessary | 100, 200, 400 | Daily |
| Vaginal gel | 90 | Daily | |
| Oral (capsule) | 200, 400 | Daily | |
Table 2 Randomised placebo-controlled studies: Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancies and a previous preterm birth.
| Author | Year | Number of patients (progesterone vs. control) | Inclusion criteria | Progestogen type | Dose and interval | Period of use (WG) | Primary outcome | Reduction in preterm birth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WG: weeks of gestation, 17-OHPC: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, PB: preterm birth, sPB: spontaneous preterm birth, a combination of neonatal death, brain damage or bronchopulmonary malformation, b secondary outcome | ||||||||
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Meis et al.
| 2003 | 310 vs. 153 | Previous sPB | i. m. 17α-OHPC | 250 mg/week | 16 – 20 to 36 | PB < 37 WG: 36.3 vs. 54.9% (p < 0.001) | Yes |
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Fonseca et al.
| 2003 | 72 vs. 70 | Previous sPB, uterine anomalies, cervical incompetence | Vaginal pessaries | 100 mg/day | 24 to 34 | PB < 37 WG: 13.8 vs. 28.5% (p < 0.030) | Yes |
|
OʼBrien et al.
| 2007 | 309 vs. 302 | Previous sPB | Vaginal gel | 90 mg/day | 18 – 24 to 36 | PB < 32 WG: 10 vs. 11.3% (p > 0.050) | No |
|
Cetingoz et al.
| 2011 | 80 vs. 70 | Previous sPB, uterine anomalies (n = 67, twin pregnancies) | Vaginal pessaries | 100 mg/day | 24 to 34 | PB < 37 WG: 40 vs. 57.2% (p < 0.036) | Yes |
|
Azargoon et al.
| 2016 | 50 vs. 50 | Previous PB, uterine anomalies, intramural fibroid ≥ 7 cm | Vaginal pessaries | 400 mg/day | 16 – 22 to 36 | PB < 37 WG: 36 vs. 68% (p < 0.001) | Yes |
|
Norman et al.
| 2016 | 610 vs. 618 | Previous sPB, cervical length ≤ 25 mm, pos. fetal fibronectin combined with other PB risk factor | Vaginal pessaries | 200 mg/day | 22 – 24 to 34 | PB or fetal death < 34 WG: 16 vs. 18% (p = 0.670) | No |
|
Crowther et al.
| 2017 | 398 vs. 389 | Previous sPB (n = 12, twin pregnancies) | Vaginal pessaries | 100 mg/day | 18 – 24 to 34 | Acute respiratory distress syndrome: 10.5 vs. 10.6% (p = 0.905) | No |
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Rai et al.
| 2009 | 74 vs. 74 | Previous sPB | Oral | 200 mg/day | 18 – 24 to 36 | PB < 37 WG: 39.2 vs. 59.5% (p = 0.002) | Yes |
|
Glover et al.
| 2011 | 19 vs. 14 | Previous sPB | Oral | 400 mg/day | 16 – 20 to 33 | PB < 37 WG: 26.3 vs. 57.1% (p = 0.150) | Yes |
|
Ashoush et al.
| 2017 | 106 vs. 106 | Previous sPB | Oral | 400 mg/day | 14 – 18 to 37 | PB < 37 WG: 44.7 vs. 63.7% (p = 0.010) | Yes |
Table 3 Randomised, placebo-controlled studies: Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in asymptomatic women with singleton pregnancies and a short cervix.
| Author | Year | Number of patients Screening | Number of patients (progesterone vs. control) | Inclusion criteria | Progesterone type | Dose and interval | Period of use (WG) | Primary outcome | Reduction in preterm birth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WG: weeks of gestation; PB: preterm birth, 17-OHPC: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate | |||||||||
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Winer et al.
| 2015 | – | 51 vs. 54 | High PB risk a , cervical length < 25 mm at 20 – 31 WG | 17α-OHPC i. m. | 500 mg/week | 20 – 31 to 36 | Interval (days) until birth: 76 ± 5 days vs. 72 ± 5 days (p = 0.480) | No |
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Fonseca et al.
| 2007 | 24 620 | 125 vs. 125 | Cervical length < 15 mm (n = 24 twin pregnancies) at 20 – 25 WG | Vaginal pessaries | 200 mg/day | 24 to 34 | PB < 34 WG: 19.2 vs. 34.4% (p = 0.020) | Yes |
|
Hassan et al.
| 2011 | 32 091 | 235 vs. 223 | Cervical length 10 – 20 mm at 20 – 24 WG | Vaginal gel | 90 mg/day | 20 – 24 to 36 | PB < 32 WG: 8.9 vs. 16.1% (p = 0.020) | Yes |
Table 4 Individual patient data meta-analysis: Prevention of preterm birth with vaginal progesterone in asymptomatic pregnant women (singleton pregnancies) with a short cervix on ultrasound (≤ 25 mm) before 24 + 0 WG 29 .
| Outcome | Relative risk (RR) (95% CI) | p-value | NNT |
|---|---|---|---|
|
a
total neonatal morbidity and mortality: defined as the occurrence of one of the following events: respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis, documented neonatal sepsis, neonatal death
| |||
| Preterm birth < 28 WG | 0.67 (0.45 – 0.99) | 0.04 | 27 |
| Preterm birth < 33 WG* | 0.62 (0.47 – 0.81) | 0.0006 | 12 |
| Preterm birth < 35 WG | 0.72 (0.58 – 0.89) | 0.003 | 12 |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 0.47 (0.27 – 0.81) | 0.007 | 18 |
| Total neonatal morbidity and mortality a | 0.59 (0.38 – 0.91) | 0.02 | 18 |
| Birth weight < 1500 g | 0.62 (0.44 – 0.86) | 0.004 | 16 |
| Admission to NICU b | 0.68 (0.53 – 0.88) | 0.003 | 13 |
Tab. 1 Art, Applikationsform, Dosis und Intervall der Progesterontherapie zur Prävention einer Frühgeburt.
| Art | Applikationsform | Dosis (mg) | Intervall |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17-OHPC: 17-α-Hydroxyprogesteroncaproat | |||
| 17-OHPC | intramuskuläre Injektion | 250 | wöchentlich |
| natürliches mikronisiertes Progesteron | Vaginalzäpfchen | 100, 200, 400 | täglich |
| Vaginalgel | 90 | täglich | |
| oral (Kapsel) | 200, 400 | täglich | |
Tab. 2 Randomisierte placebokontrollierte Studien: Progesteron zur Prävention der Frühgeburt bei Frauen mit Einlingsschwangerschaft und vorangegangener Frühgeburt.
| Autor | Jahr | Patientenzahl (Progesteron vs. Kontrolle) | Einschlusskriterien | Art des Gestagens | Dosis und Intervall | Anwendungszeitraum (SSW) | primäres Outcome | Reduktion der Frühgeburt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSW: Schwangerschaftswoche, 17-OHPC: 17-α-Hydroxyprogesteroncaproat, FG: Frühgeburt, sFG: spontane Frühgeburt, a Zusammenfassung von neonatalem Tod, Hirnschaden oder bronchopulmonaler Fehlbildung, b sekundäres Outcome | ||||||||
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Meis et al.
| 2003 | 310 vs. 153 | vorangegangene sFG | i. m. 17α-OHPC | 250 mg wöchentlich | 16. – 20. bis 36. | FG < 37. SSW: 36,3 vs. 54,9% (p < 0,001) | ja |
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Fonseca et al.
| 2003 | 72 vs. 70 | vorangegangene sFG, Uterusanomalien, Zervixinsuffizienz | Vaginalzäpfchen | 100 mg täglich | 24. bis 34. | FG < 37. SSW: 13,8 vs. 28,5% (p = 0,030) | ja |
|
OʼBrien et al.
| 2007 | 309 vs. 302 | vorangegangene sFG | Vaginalgel | 90 mg täglich | 18. – 24. bis 36. | FG < 32. SSW: 10 vs. 11,3% (p > 0,050) | nein |
|
Cetingoz et al.
| 2011 | 80 vs. 70 | vorangegangene sFG, Uterusanomalien (n = 67 Zwillingsschwangerschaften) | Vaginalzäpfchen | 100 mg täglich | 24. bis 34. | FG < 37. SSW: 40 vs. 57,2% (p = 0,036) | ja |
|
Azargoon et al.
| 2016 | 50 vs. 50 | vorangegangene FG, Uterusanomalien, intramurales Myom ≥ 7 cm | Vaginalzäpfchen | 400 mg täglich | 16. – 22. bis 36. | FG < 37. SSW: 36 vs. 68% (p = 0,001) | ja |
|
Norman et al.
| 2016 | 610 vs. 618 | vorangegangene sFG, Zervixlänge ≤ 25 mm, pos. fetales Fibronektin kombiniert mit anderem klinischen FG-Risikofaktor | Vaginalzäpfchen | 200 mg täglich | 22. – 24. bis 34. | FG oder fetaler Tod < 34. SSW: 16 vs. 18% (p = 0,670) | nein |
|
Crowther et al.
| 2017 | 398 vs. 389 | vorangegangene sFG (n = 12 Zwillingsschwangerschaften) | Vaginalzäpfchen | 100 mg täglich | 18. – 24. bis 34. | akutes Atemnotsyndrom: 10,5 vs. 10,6% (p = 0,905) | nein |
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Rai et al.
| 2009 | 74 vs. 74 | vorangegangene sFG | oral | 200 mg täglich | 18. – 24. bis 36. | FG < 37. SSW: 39,2 vs. 59,5% (p = 0,002) | ja |
|
Glover et al.
| 2011 | 19 vs. 14 | vorangegangene sFG | oral | 400 mg täglich | 16. – 20. bis 33. | FG < 37. SSW: 26,3 vs. 57,1% (p = 0,150) | ja |
|
Ashoush et al.
| 2017 | 106 vs. 106 | vorangegangene sFG | oral | 400 mg täglich | 14. – 18. bis 37. | FG < 37. SSW: 44,7 vs. 63,7% (p = 0,010) | ja |
Tab. 3 Randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studien: Progesteron zur Prävention der Frühgeburt bei asymptomatischen Frauen mit Einlingsschwangerschaft und verkürzter Zervix.
| Autor | Jahr | Patientenzahl Screening | Patientenzahl (Progesteron vs. Kontrolle) | Einschlusskriterien | Art des Progesterons | Dosis und Intervall | Anwendungszeitraum (SSW) | primäres Outcome | Reduktion Frühgeburt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSW: Schwangerschaftswoche, FG: Frühgeburt, 17-OHPC: 17-α-Hydroxyprogesteroncaproat | |||||||||
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Winer et al.
| 2015 | – | 51 vs. 54 | hohes FG-Risiko a , Zervixlänge < 25 mm in SSW 20 – 31 | 17α-OHPC i. m. | 500 mg wöchentlich | 20. – 31. bis 36. | Intervall (Tage) bis zur Geburt: 76 ± 5 Tage vs. 72 ± 5 Tage (p = 0.480) | nein |
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Fonseca et al.
| 2007 | 24 620 | 125 vs. 125 | Zervixlänge < 15 mm, (n = 24 Zwillingsschwangerschaften) in SSW 20 – 25 | Vaginalzäpfchen | 200 mg täglich | 24. bis 34. | FG < 34. SSW: 19,2 vs. 34,4% (p = 0,020) | ja |
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Hassan et al.
| 2011 | 32 091 | 235 vs. 223 | Zervixlänge 10 – 20 mm in SSW 20 – 24 | Vaginalgel | 90 mg täglich | 20. – 24. bis 36. | FG < 32. SSW: 8,9 vs. 16,1% (p = 0,020) | ja |
Tab. 4 Metaanalyse individueller Patientendaten: Prävention der Frühgeburt mit vaginalem Progesteron bei asymptomatischen Schwangeren (Einlingsschwangerschaften) mit sonografischer Zervixverkürzung ≤ 25 mm vor der 24 + 0 SSW 29 .
| Outcome | relatives Risiko (RR) (95%-KI) | p-Wert | NNT |
|---|---|---|---|
|
a
neonatale Gesamtmorbidität und Mortalität: definiert als das Auftreten eines der folgenden Ereignisse: Atemnotsyndrom, intraventrikuläre Hämorrhagie, nekrotisierende Enterokolitis, nachgewiesene neonatale Sepsis, Tod des Neugeborenen
| |||
| Frühgeburt < 28 SSW | 0,67 (0,45 – 0,99) | 0,04 | 27 |
| Frühgeburt < 33 SSW* | 0,62 (0,47 – 0,81) | 0,0006 | 12 |
| Frühgeburt < 35 SSW | 0,72 (0,58 – 0,89) | 0,003 | 12 |
| Atemnotsyndrom | 0,47 (0,27 – 0,81) | 0,007 | 18 |
| neonatale Gesamtmorbidität und Mortalität a | 0,59 (0,38 – 0,91) | 0,02 | 18 |
| Geburtsgewicht < 1500 g | 0,62 (0,44 – 0,86) | 0,004 | 16 |
| Aufnahme auf NICU b | 0,68 (0,53 – 0,88) | 0,003 | 13 |