| Literature DB >> 31423018 |
Abstract
Numerous experimental studies indicate that natural progesterone, through various mechanisms, exerts an inhibitory effect on uterine contractility and sensitises the myometrium for tocolytics. It was therefore appropriate to investigate the possible benefits of oral/vaginal progesterone and the synthetic progesterone derivative 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, applied intramuscularly, in clinical studies on primary tocolysis, additively to established tocolytics ("adjunctive tocolysis") and as maintenance treatment after successful tocolysis in cases of threatened preterm birth. Three studies with a small number of cases do not yield any sufficient evidence for recommending progesterone/17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate as primary tocolysis in women with preterm labour. There is also no evidence that progesterone or 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate combined with commonly used tocolytics leads to a prolongation of pregnancy and a significant decrease in the rate of preterm birth. The data on the use of progesterone as maintenance treatment is controversial. While randomised, controlled studies with low quality showed promising results, studies with high quality did not reveal any significant differences with regard to the rate of preterm birth < 37 weeks of gestation, the latency period until delivery and in the neonatal outcome between progesterone/17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate and placebo or no treatment. Significant differences in the methodology, the inclusion and outcome criteria, the mode of application and the dosages of the substances as well as the inadequate statistical power as a result of low numbers of cases make interpretation and comparability of the studies difficult. Therefore, well-designed randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies with uniform primary outcome criteria are needed in order to clarify whether progesterone and via which route of administration and at which dosage is of clinical benefit for patients with manifest preterm contractions and as maintenance treatment after arrested preterm labour.Entities:
Keywords: 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate; maintenance treatment/tocolysis; preterm labour; progesterone; tocolysis
Year: 2019 PMID: 31423018 PMCID: PMC6690738 DOI: 10.1055/a-0829-3992
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Randomised studies: Adjunctive tocolysis with and without maintenance treatment.
| Author/year | n | P/17-OHPC | Dose/ Interval (mg) | Controls | Tocolytics | Preterm birth < 37 weeks of gestation (%) [S] | Average latency period until delivery (days) [S] | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = Number of patients, P = Progesterone, 17-OHPC = 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, C = Controls, S = Significant (p < 0.05), NS = Not significant | ||||||||
| Noblot et al. 1991 | 44 | P oral | 300 mg/8 h | Placebo | Ritodrine | 27.2 vs. 36.4 [NS] | 19 vs. 21 [NS] | Only adjunctive through P ritodrine dose ↓ |
| Arikan et al. 2011 | 83 | P vaginal | 200/day | No treatment | Ritodrine | 50 vs. 65 [NS] | 32 vs. 21 [S] | Tocolysis until delivery/36 + 6 weeks of gestation |
| Tan et al. 2012 | 112 | 17-P i. m. | 250/1 × | Placebo | Nifedipine | 44 vs. 46 [NS] | 35 vs. 24 [NS] | Single application of 17-P |
| Areeruk 2016 | 84 | Dihydro-P oral | 200/day | Placebo | Nifedipine | 33 vs. 37.5 [NS] | 32 vs. 38 [NS] | Tocolysis until delivery/37th week of gestation |
| Martinez de Tejada 2015 | 379 | P vaginal | 200/day | Placebo | Atosiban/Nifedipine | 55 vs. 35 [NS] | 45 vs. 52 [median, NS] | Tocolysis until delivery/36 + 6 weeks of gestation |
Table 2 Meta-analyses: Progesterone/17-OHPC vs. placebo/no treatment as maintenance tocolysis* after arrested preterm labour.
| Author/year | Suhag 2015 | Saccone 2015 | Palacio 2016 | Eke 2016 | Wood 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * = Maintenance treatment until delivery or 35th – < 37th week of gestation, + = Significant results (p < 0.05), # = No percent values, N/I = No information, P = Progesterone, 17-OHPC = 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, RR = Relative risk, OR = Odds ratio | |||||
| Number of studies included | 5 | 5 | 16 | 4 | 15 |
| Total number of pregnant women | 441 | 426 | 1917 | 362 | 1742 |
| P/17-OHPC (number of studies) | vag. P | 17-OHPC i. m. | P (12) | P (2) | P (11) |
| Preterm birth < 37th week of gestation (%) |
42 vs. 58
+
| 42 vs. 51 |
38.2 vs. 44.3
+
| RR 0.8 # (0.58 – 1.1) | OR 0.77 +# (0.62 – 0.96) |
| Preterm birth < 34th week of gestation (%) | N/I | 25 vs. 34 | 15.6 vs. 18.3 | RR 0.69 # (0.4 – 1.2) | OR 0.80 (0.60 – 1.08) |
| Latency period until delivery (days, mean difference range) | 13.8 + (4.0 – 23.6) | 8.4 + (3.2 – 13.5) | 8.1 + (3.8 – 12.4) | 2.4 (− 1.5 – 6.3) | 9.1 + (3.7 – 14.5) |
Tab. 1 Randomisierte Studien: adjunktive Tokolyse mit und ohne Erhaltungstherapie.
| Autor/Jahr | n | P/17-OHPC | Dosis/ Intervall (mg) | Kontrollen | Tokolytika | Frühgeburten < 37 SSW (%) [S] | mittlere Latenzzeit bis Geburt (Tage) [S] | Kommentar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = Zahl der Patientinnen, P = Progesteron, 17-OHPC = 17-α-Hydroxyprogesteroncaproat, K = Kontrollen, S = signifikant (p < 0,05), NS = nicht signifikant | ||||||||
| Noblot et al. 1991 | 44 | P oral | 300 mg/8 h | Placebo | Ritodrin | 27,2 vs. 36,4 [NS] | 19 vs. 21 [NS] | nur adjunktiv durch P Ritodrindosis ↓ |
| Arikan et al. 2011 | 83 | P vaginal | 200/Tag | keine Therapie | Ritodrin | 50 vs. 65 [NS] | 32 vs. 21 [S] | Tokolyse bis Geburt/36 + 6 SSW |
| Tan et al. 2012 | 112 | 17-P i. m. | 250/1 × | Placebo | Nifedipin | 44 vs. 46 [NS] | 35 vs. 24 [NS] | 1-malige Applikation von 17-P |
| Areeruk 2016 | 84 | Dihydro-P oral | 200/Tag | Placebo | Nifedipin | 33 vs. 37,5 [NS] | 32 vs. 38 [NS] | Tokolyse bis Geburt/37. SSW |
| Martinez de Tejada 2015 | 379 | P vaginal | 200/Tag | Placebo | Atosiban/Nifedipin | 55 vs. 35 [NS] | 45 vs. 52 [median, NS] | Tokolyse bis Geburt/36 + 6 SSW |
Tab. 2 Metaanalysen: Progesteron/17-OHPC vs. Placebo/keine Therapie zur Erhaltungstokolyse* nach initialer Tokolyse mit Sistieren der Wehen.
| Autor/Jahr | Suhag 2015 | Saccone 2015 | Palacio 2016 | Eke 2016 | Wood 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * = Erhaltungstherapie bis Geburt oder 35. – < 37. SSW, + = signifikante Ergebnisse (p < 0,05), # = keine Prozentangaben, k. A. = keine Angaben, P = Progesteron, 17-OHPC = 17-α-Hydroxyprogesteroncaproat, RR = relatives Risiko, OR = Odds Ratio | |||||
| Zahl eingeschlossener Studien | 5 | 5 | 16 | 4 | 15 |
| Gesamtzahl der Schwangeren | 441 | 426 | 1917 | 362 | 1742 |
| P/17-OHPC (Zahl der Studien) | vag. P | 17-OHPC i. m. | P (12) | P (2) | P (11) |
| Frühgeburt < 37. SSW (%) |
42 vs. 58
+
| 42 vs. 51 |
38,2 vs. 44,3
+
| RR 0,8 # (0,58 – 1,1) | OR 0,77 +# (0,62 – 0,96) |
| Frühgeburt < 34. SSW (%) | k. A. | 25 vs. 34 | 15,6 vs. 18,3 | RR 0,69 # (0,4 – 1,2) | OR 0,80 (0,60 – 1,08) |
| Latenzzeit bis Geburt (Tage, mittlerer Differenzbereich) | 13,8 + (4,0 – 23,6) | 8,4 + (3,2 – 13,5) | 8,1 + (3,8 – 12,4) | 2,4 (− 1,5 – 6,3) | 9,1 + (3,7 – 14,5) |