Fourteen new species of the spider genus Thaiderces from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Psilodercidae).

Fourteen new species of the genus Thaiderces F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017 from Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand are described: T. shuzi Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), T. peterjaegeri Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂), T. ganlan Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), T. ngalauindahensis Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂), T. yangcong Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), T. zuichun Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♀), T. miantiao Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♀), T. jiazi Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♀), T. tuoyuan Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), T. fengniao Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), T. haima Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), T. chujiao Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♀), T. thamphadaengensis Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀), and T. thamprikensis Li & Chang, sp. nov. (♂♀). In addition, two species of Psiloderces Simon, 1892 are transferred to Thaiderces: Thaiderces rimbu (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995) comb. nov. (♂♀) and Thaiderces djojosudharmoi (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995) comb. nov. (♂♀).

Introduction

The spider family Machado, 1951 was recently elevated from a subfamily of Fage, 1912 to family rank (Wunderlich 2004, 2008). currently includes 127 species belonging to eleven genera (Li and Quan 2017; WSC 2019). All species are restricted to tropical Asia. More than half the genera were described only recently: Y.F. Tong & S.Q. Li, 2007, F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017, Wunderlich, 2017, F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017, F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017, F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017, and F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017 (Liu et al. 2017).

Prior to this study, only two species of were known: Li & Li, 2017 and (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995) (WSC 2019). Both species are endemic to Thailand. While studying new material collected in Southeast Asia, we found fourteen new species of from Myanmar, Thailand, and Sumatra Island of Indonesia. The goal of this paper is to provide detailed descriptions of these new species.

Materials and methods

Types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences () in Beijing, except sp. nov. which is lodged in the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt, Germany (). All specimens collected were preserved and observed in a 95% ethanol solution. The specimens were measured and examined under a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope, and further morphological details were observed using an Olympus BX41 compound microscope. The left male palp was dissected for further examination. The carapace measurements exclude the clypeus. The endogyne and the male palp were dissected and immersed in lactic acid for digestion. An Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope was used to take photos at different focal planes. The photos were assembled with the image stacking software Helicon Focus 6.7.1. to generate high quality photos before further revision with Adobe Photoshop CC 2014. Leg measurements are given as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus). Leg segments were measured from their retrolateral side. All measurements are given in millimetres (mm). All terminology follows Li et al. (2014).

Taxonomy

Family Machado, 1951

F.Y. Li & S.Q. Li, 2017

7ACF293343F950A797BA7F888C08FB23

Type species.

from Thailand, details and figures of the type species as in figs 1A, 2A, and Liu et al. (2017: figs 11–12).

Emended diagnosis.

resembles by the absence of an apical protrusion on the cymbium, cheliceral lamina with 3 triangular extensions, shallow fovea, and clypeus and labium slanting, but it can be differentiated by the following combination of characters: 1) presence of embolic stalk or embolic ‘stubble’ (vs. absence of embolic stalk or ‘stubble’); 2) absence of setae on ocular region (vs. presence of numerous setae); 3) embolus shorter than bulb (vs. embolus longer than bulb); 4) absence of conductor (vs. presence); and 5) 3 retromarginal cheliceral teeth (vs. one retromarginal tooth).

Composition.

(♂♀) (the type species), (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995) (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♂♀), sp. nov. (♀), sp. nov. (♀), sp. nov. (♀), and sp. nov. (♀).

Distribution.

Thailand, Myanmar, and Sumatra Island of Indonesia.

Key to species of , females only

Li & Chang sp. nov.

7646DCAA92EE573FBEA0FE113C398DD1

http://zoobank.org/D3DB4169-236B-4C6E-85ED-98C160CED4F3

Figs 1J , 2M , 3 , 4 , 27C , 29

Figure 1.

Prolateral view of left bulb in species AB sp. nov. C sp. nov. D sp. nov. E sp. nov. F sp. nov. Ventral view of the bulb in species GH sp. nov. I sp. nov. J sp. nov. K sp. nov. L sp. nov. Abbreviations: LA, laminal apophysis, ST, stubble. A, G Modified from Liu et al. (2017).

Figure 2.

Endogyne of species ABC sp. nov. D sp. nov. E sp. nov. F sp. nov. G sp. nov. H sp. nov. I sp.nov. J sp. nov. K sp. nov. L sp. nov. M sp. nov. N sp. nov. Abbreviation: SP, spermathecae. A, B Modified from Liu et al. (2017).

Figure 3.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 4.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM, embolus, ST, stubble.

Figure 27.

Chelicerale retromargin, posterior view A sp. nov. B sp. nov. C sp. nov. D sp. nov. E sp. nov. F sp. nov. G sp. nov. H sp. nov. I sp. nov. Abbreviations: CL, cheliceral lamina, RT, retromarginal teeth.

Figure 29.

Distribution of species in Southeast Asia. 1 sp. nov. 2 sp. nov. 3 sp. nov. 4 sp. nov. 5 sp. nov. 6 sp. nov. 7 sp. nov. 8 sp. nov. 9 sp. nov. 10 sp. nov. 11 sp. nov. 12 sp. nov. 13 sp. nov. 14 sp. nov. 1516. Two species not included: , .

Types.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Thailand, Prachuap Kiri Khan Province, Hua Hin District, Nong Phiap Subdistrict, Dao Cave, , 123 m, 30.X.2014, Zhao H., Li Y., and Chen Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

Etymology.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin shūzǐ (comb) and refers to the serrated stubble on the embolic stalk that resembles a comb.

Diagnosis.

Males of sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the unique structure of the male bulb with a long embolic stalk bearing serrated embolic stubble (Fig. 4A) that resembles a comb (vs. absence of serrated embolic stubble in congeners); females can be differentiated from congeners by two pairs of stalked spermathecae with globose distal parts (Fig. 3A) (vs. one pair of spermathecae or spermathecae without stalk in congeners).

Description.

Male (holotype). Total length 1.78; carapace 0.78 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.70 wide. Carapace round and pale yellow (Fig. 3C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27C). Clypeus pale yellow. Endites pale yellow. Labium light brown. Sternum with purplish pattern. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with 3 distinct brown spots medially (Fig. 3C), anteroventrally with a pair of circular purplish patches, posterior part with a pattern ranging from light purple to dark purple. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 5.29 (1.40, 0.20, 1.56, 1.25, 0.88), II 7.36 (2.00, 0.20, 2.19, 1.88, 1.09), III 5.27 (1.56, 0.31, 1.40, 1.30, 0.70), IV 7.25 (2.00, 0.25, 2.20, 1.80, 1.00). Palp (Fig. 4A–D): femur slender, 5 times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia almost equal in length to femur, basally swollen (length/width = 2.30); cymbium pale, three times shorter than femur; bulb light yellow, spatulate, with a long embolic stalk bearing serrated stubble, embolic stalk almost equal in length to the bulb, 2/3 the width of the bulb; embolus straight and short apically (Fig. 4B).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 3D–E). Measurements: total length 2.00; carapace 0.70 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.30 long, 1.00 wide. Leg measurements: I‒II missing, III 4.54 (1.28, 0.25, 1.25, 1.13, 0.63), IV 4.51 (1.25, 0.25, 1.25, 1.13, 0.63). Endogyne: two pairs of stalked spermathecae bearing globose distal parts, lateral spermathecae directed horizontally, medial spermathecae pointed vertically, width of globose part ca. 3 times wider than stalk. (Fig. 3A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

281DEF7728F8517F98FB460DB48E9DCE

http://zoobank.org/6E65FBCD-43A5-4C8B-AB90-943E9F8EF1A1

Figs 1C , 5 , 6 , 27E , 29

Figure 5.

sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view.

Figure 6.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviation: EM, embolus.

Holotype: ♂ (SMF), Myanmar, Chin State, Nat Ma Taung National Park, Road S of Nat Ma Taung Summit, Pristine Primary Forest, , 2543 m, 16.V.2014, P. Jäger leg.

The species is named in honor of Peter Jäger (Frankfurt am Main, Germany), a prolific spider taxonomist.

Males of sp. nov. resemble those of sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the narrow oblong shape of the bulb (Fig. 6C) (vs. elliptical in sp. nov. (Fig. 8C)), the embolus is half the length of the entire bulb (Fig. 6C) (vs. embolus almost equal in length to the entire bulb in sp. nov. (Fig. 8C)), and the embolus is thin and straight (Fig. 6C) (vs. embolus is thicker and curved in sp. nov. (Fig. 8B)).

Figure 8.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviation: EM, embolus.

Male (holotype). Total length 1.87; carapace 0.78 long, 0.75 wide; abdomen 1.09 long, 0.75 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal brown bands, lateral bands 5 times wider than the middle band (Fig. 5A). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27E). Clypeus light brown. Endites light brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with gradual light to dark brown pattern extending from anterior to posterior (Fig. 5A), ventrum with gradual brown to dark brown pattern extending from anterior to posterior, anterior with elliptical dark brown patch medially, and a pair of lateral pale yellow patches, posterior part delimited with a pair of pale yellow straight lines (Fig. 5B). Legs uniformly brown. Measurements: I‒III missing, IV 3.80 (1.00, 0.20, 1.00, 1.00, 0.60). Palp with scattered purplish spots (Fig. 6C–D): femur four times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia 2/3 the length of femur; cymbium dark with concentrated purplish spots, half the length of femur; bulb light yellow, narrow, and oblong, length/width ratio = 1.90; embolus thin and straight, arises distally, half the length of the entire bulb (Fig. 6).

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

61C0867A1057593EBFA14E5D6A7E39EB

http://zoobank.org/177CD9B3-65CA-4E72-B5FB-A253B6A0C7A0

Figs 1H , 2E , 7 , 8 , 28E , 29

Figure 7.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 28.

Chelicerae, posterior view A sp. nov. B sp. nov. C sp. nov. D sp. nov. E sp. nov. Abbreviations: CL, cheliceral laminal, RT, retromargin teeth.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Myanmar, Chin State, roadside between Kampellet to Nat Ma Taung National Park, , 2402 m, 1.V.2017, Wu J. and Chen Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin gănlăn (olive) and refers to the structure of the bulb that resembles an olive or a rugby ball (Fig. 8A).

Diagnostic features of males are discussed under sp. nov. Females of sp. nov. can be distinguished by a pair of twisted ribbon-liked spermathecae, with globular distal ends two times wider than stalk (vs. spermathecae with globular heads three times wider than stalk in sp. nov., Fig. 6A).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.63; carapace 0.63 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.75 wide. Carapace round and brown with 3 longitudinal brown bands, lateral bands three times wider than the median band (Fig. 7C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28E). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites light brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen brown and elongated, dorsum with complex yellow dotted patterns, anteroventrally brown with pair of dark brown circular patches followed by a light brown elliptical patch, posterior part with a pair of yellow dotted lines laterally and a V-shaped mark medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 5.23 (1.40, 0.20, 1.60, 1.25, 0.78), II 4.99 (1.09, 0.15, 1.41, 1.25, 1.09), III 3.54 (0.94, 0.25, 0.90, 0.90, 0.55), IV 4.80 (1.20, 0.20. 1.40, 1.25, 0.75). Palp with scattered purplish spots (Fig. 8C, D): femur three times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia 2/3 the length of femur; cymbium dark with concentrated purplish spots, half the length of femur; bulb light yellow and elliptical, with a distinct protrusion arising distally, adjacent to embolus; embolus thick and branched, arising distally, almost equal in length to the entire bulb (Fig. 8A).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 7D, E). Measurements: total length 2.03; carapace 0.78 long, 0.75 wide; abdomen 1.25 long, 0.94 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.23 (1.28, 0.32, 1.60, 1.25, 0.78), II 4.84 (1.28, 0.32, 1.40, 1.09, 0.75), III missing, IV 5.61 (1.44, 0.32, 1.60, 1.50, 0.75). Endogyne with a pair of twisted ribbon-liked spermathecae with long stalks and globular heads, heads 2 times wider than stalks, stalks almost equal to the interdistance of stalk bases (Fig. 7A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

175094611CE05B3DAE38C39AE04261DE

http://zoobank.org/E59B7F10-44A0-442F-A698-54A4FA2130B3

Figs 1B , 9 , 10 , 27F , 29

Figure 9.

sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view.

Figure 10.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM, embolus, LA, lamina apophysis.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sumatra, West Sumatra Province, Pavakumbuh, Ngalau Indah Cave, , 626 m, 14.V.2014, Yao Z.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

sp. nov. is similar to , but males can be distinguished by lamina connected to the embolus (Fig. 10D) (vs. the absence of lamina connected to the embolus in ) and the embolic stalk is slanted at a 30° incline (Fig. 10D) (vs. embolic stalk rather round and curved in ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.16; carapace 0.54 long, 0.55 wide; abdomen 0.62 long, 0.31 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands, median band with distinct patch centrally, lateral bands four times wider than the middle band (Fig. 9A). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27F). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites light brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with dark brown complicated veined pattern (Fig. 9A), ventrum dark brown with indistinct pattern (Fig. 9B). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II 3.35 (0.90, 0.20, 0.93, 0.78, 0.54), III missing, IV missing. Palp (Fig. 10C–D): femur four times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia almost equal in length to femur; cymbium with concentrated purplish spots, 1/2 the length of femur; bulb light brown, with 30° inclined embolic stalk, embolic stalk half the width of the bulb, lamina attached to embolus; embolus short and dark, arising distally (Fig. 10).

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

3B9E4F809CE5555B983B19586AC9B8C5

http://zoobank.org/12BF7080-7804-4552-BF98-3ADE137B13C4

Figs 1E , 2L , 11 , 12 , 27B , 29

Figure 11.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 12.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM, embolus, ST, stubble.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Indonesia, Sumatra, Jambi Province, Kerinci, Talang Cindang, near river, , 1054 m, 23.V.2014, Yao Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin yángcōng (onion) and refers to the entire structure of the bulb which resembles an onion bulb.

sp. nov. is similar to , but males can be distinguished by the thin and long embolus (vs. a thick and short embolus in ), a rather plump and rounded bulb (vs. a rather ovate bulb), and the presence of embolic stubble (vs. absence of embolic stubble); females can be distinguished by a pair of short, twisted, and rather distant wavy spermathecae (vs. two pairs of short petal-like spermathecae that are close together in ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.95; carapace 0.70 long, 0.75 wide; abdomen 1.25 long, 0.90 wide. Carapace round and pale brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands, median band only half the length of carapace, lateral bands three times wider than the middle band (Fig. 11C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27B). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites pale yellow. Labium light brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with brown stripes medially (Fig. 11C), anteroventrally brown with pair of dark brown circular patches followed by a light brown elliptical patch, posterior part with a pair of yellow dotted lines laterally and a V-shaped mark medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II 5.15 (1.25, 0.16, 1.56, 1.40, 0.78), III 4.68 (1.25, 0.31, 1.25, 1.25, 0.62), IV 6.32 (1.56, 0.25, 1.87, 1.71, 0.93). Palp (Fig. 12A–D): femur four times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia 2/3 the length of femur; cymbium darker anteriorly, half the length of femur; bulb light yellow, round with sparse embolic stubble; embolus thin and dark, arising distally, almost the same length as bulb (Fig. 12A).

Female (paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 11D–E). Measurements: total length 1.62; carapace 0.62 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.70 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.39 (1.40, 0.25, 1.56, 1.40, 0.78), II 5.50 (1.00, 0.25, 1.25, 1.13, 1.12, 0.75), III 3.72 (0.87, 0.25, 1.00, 1.00, 0.60), IV 5.42 (1.37, 0.25, 1.60, 1.40, 0.80). Endogyne: a pair of short, twisted, and paired coiled spermathecae, ratio of spermathecae interdistance and spermatheca width 1 : 5 (Fig. 11A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

DBC30567FEE85852825AC846CFAE94FB

http://zoobank.org/3D32A377-A33F-47B7-9844-1A286D5A7F7B

Figs 2H , 13 , 27G , 29

Figure 13.

sp. nov., female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B epigastric area, ventral view C habitus, dorsal view D habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS), Thailand, Satun Province, Thung Wa District, Cave without name, , 28 m, 01.XII.2013, F. Ballarin.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin zuǐchún (lip) and refers to the overall structure of the spermathecae which is similar to a human lip.

sp. nov. is similar to sp. nov. but can be easily distinguished by a pair of stalked spermathecae with an oblong distal part connected to a wavy horizontal duct (vs. two pairs of strongly twisted spermathecae in sp. nov.).

Female. Total length 1.58; carapace 0.50 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 1.08 long, 0.78 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal purplish bands, median band rather pale and only half the length of the carapace, lateral bands three times wider than the median band (Fig. 13C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27G). Clypeus purple. Endites purple. Labium brown. Sternum with purplish pattern. Abdomen elongated, posterior with indistinct dark brown pattern (Fig. 13C), ventrum with indistinct brown pattern, anterior epigastric area forming a semi-circle (Fig. 13D). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II 4.13 (1.09, 0.15, 1.25, 1.09, 0.55), III 3.45 (0.94, 0.16, 0.94, 0.94, 0.47), IV 4.70 (1.20, 0.20, 1.40, 1.30, 0.60). Endogyne: a pair of stalked spermathecae, with oblong distal parts, stalk almost equal in length to and half the width of the oblong distal part, connected by a wavy horizontal duct (Fig. 13A)

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

042B2C0AE1A351F988BD56AC50B27021

http://zoobank.org/04C6EF20-9E2D-4C42-BAE2-EE2EFB19704D

Figs 2N , 14 , 27H , 29

Figure 14.

sp. nov., female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B epigastric area, ventral view C habitus, dorsal view D habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS), Thailand, Nakhon Srithammarat Province, Thung Song District, outside of Ta Lod Cave, , 120 m, 14.X.2015, Zhao Q., Zhou G., Chen Z.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin miàntiáo (noodle) and refers to the spermathecae structure which resembles curly noodles (twisted structure).

See diagnosis for sp. nov.

Female. Total length 1.56; carapace 0.54 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.86 wide. Carapace round and brown, with two longitudinal dark brown bands laterally, and a central dark brown patch (Fig. 14C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27H). Clypeus brown. Endites brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen elongated, with indistinct brown pattern (Fig. 14C), ventrum with two circular patches followed by an ovate epigastric area anteriorly, posterior with yellow dotted lines laterally and indistinct brown pattern (Fig. 14D). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 5.05 (1.20, 0.15, 1.50, 1.50, 0.70), II‒IV missing. Endogyne: two pairs of strongly twisted helical spermathecae, with globose distal part nearly the same width as the stalk, stalk en times longer than the globose head, ratio of lateral pairs of spermathecae interdistance to median pair interdistance 1 : 3.5 (Fig. 14A).

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

855443FA9F8B540F896C345DC9E92BAE

http://zoobank.org/C21D07D6-0B6C-4AE3-847E-70B9953F5DEB

Figs 2G , 15 , 27I , 29

Figure 15.

sp. nov., female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B epigastric area, ventral view C habitus, dorsal view D habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS), Thailand, Satun Province, Khuang Kalong District, Khao Wang Cave, , 127 m, 17.X.2015, Zhao Q., Zhou G., Chen Z.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin jiázǐ (clamp) and refers to the spermathecae structure which resembles a face clamp (Fig. 15A).

sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species by the unique pattern on the carapace, with trident purplish stripes medially and purplish stripes laterally (Fig. 15C), a pair of spermathecae that resemble a face clamp (curved perpendicularly and oppositely directed), attached to a funnel-shaped structure posteriorly (Fig. 15A) (vs. stalked spermathecae with oblong heads connected by a horizontal arched duct in sp. nov.).

Female. Total length 1.47; carapace 0.54 long, 0.62 wide; abdomen 0.93 long, 0.65 wide. Carapace round and pale yellow, with trident purplish stripes medially and purplish stripes laterally. Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27I). Clypeus brown medially. Endites purple. Labium yellow. Sternum with purplish pattern. Abdomen elongated, pale yellow, almost plain without distinct pattern (Fig. 15C), ventrum with purplish and yellowish indistinct pattern, with medial epigastric area semi-circular (Fig. 15D). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II 5.27 (1.40, 0.25, 1.50, 1.37, 0.75), III 4.23 (1.12, 0.20, 1.20, 1.09, 0.62), IV 4.12 (1.09, 0.20, 1.20, 1.09, 0.54). Endogyne: a pair of stalked spermathecae curved perpendicularly and oppositely directed, stalk length is eight times the width of the spermathecae, spermathecae connected by stalks to funnel-shaped base, ratio of the width of funnel to the width of a stalked spermatheca 1 : 10 (Fig. 15A).

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

438BED81919450789E0194FCC3EAFCEC

http://zoobank.org/66DE60D1-CCC5-47AE-91A2-09498FDBA3AB

Figs 1D , 2F , 16 , 17 , 28B , 29

Figure 16.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 17.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviation: EM, embolus.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Thailand, Yala Province, Than To District, outside Krasaeng Cave, , 86 m, 25.X.2015, Yao Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin tuŏyuán (oval) and refers to the ovoid shape of the bulb.

sp. nov. is similar to , but males can be distinguished by the obovate bulb (vs. oblong bulb in ), the position of the entire bulb is a mirror image of that of but theembolus arises from the opposite position in the two species; females can be distinguished by having one pair of spermathecae (vs. two pairs in ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.40; carapace 0.54 long, 0.55 wide; abdomen 0.86 long, 0.54 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands of nearly equal width (Fig. 16C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28B). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites pale yellow. Labium dark brown. Sternum dark brown, with median pale yellow band delimitating the two halves of the sternum. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with light brown stripes posteriorly (Fig. 16C), anteroventrally with a brown semi-circle, posterior part with pair of pale yellow vertical dotted lines laterally and a V-shaped mark medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I‒III missing, IV 5.38 (1.38, 0.20, 1.60, 1.40, 0.80). Palp (Fig. 17A–D): femur four times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia 2/3 the length of femur; cymbium scattered with concentrated purplish spots, half the length of femur; bulb light yellow, obovate with embolus arising distally; embolus short and curved, 1/3 the length of the bulb (Fig. 17C, D).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 16D, E). Measurements: total length 1.62; carapace 0.50 long, 0.62 wide; abdomen 1.12 long, 0.70 wide. Leg measurements: I 4.30 (1.09, 0.20, 1.30, 1.09, 0.62), II missing, III 3.46 (0.80, 0.16, 0.94, 0.93, 0.63), IV 5.47 (1.25, 0.16, 1.56, 1.41, 1.09). Endogyne: a pair of twisted spermathecae, opposing one another, blunt distal parts 3 times wider than the width of stalks, stalk 2 times longer than the head (Fig. 16A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

B5DA30846A595FC3BBA276E6E0CF8101

http://zoobank.org/79BB2169-2674-4888-BF44-B77A406644F5

Figs 1F , 2D , 18 , 19 , 27D , 29

Figure 18.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 19.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM, embolus, LA, laminal apophysis, ST, stubble.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok District, Wang Krachae Subdistrict, unnamed Cave, , 438 m, 1.XI.2014, Zhao H., Li Y., Chen Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin fēngniăo (hummingbird) and refers to the entire structure of the bulb, including the embolic stalk and laminar apophysis, resembling the head of a hummingbird.

sp. nov. is similar to sp. nov. but can be distinguished by a lighter color of pale yellow and purplish pattern as a whole (vs. rather darker color of brown pattern as a whole in sp. nov.), the embolic stubble is divided into two rows (Fig. 19C) (vs. the embolic stubble is undivided in sp. nov.), presence of laminar apophysis adjacent to embolus (Fig. 19C) (vs. the absence of laminar apophysis in sp. nov.), and the tibia is 2/3 the length of femur (vs. tibia almost equal to the length of femur in sp. nov.); females can be distinguished by a pair of short tubular spermathecae (vs. a pair of circular doublet spermathecae in sp. nov.).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.70; carapace 0.80 long, 0.78 wide; abdomen 0.90 long, 0.50 wide. Carapace round and brown, with 3 longitudinal dark brown bands, lateral bands four times wider than the median band (Fig. 18C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27D). Clypeus purplish medially and light brown laterally. Endites pale yellow. Labium brown. Sternum with purplish pattern. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with indistinct purplish pattern, posterior with dark purple stripes, ventrum with indistinct brown pattern. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 7.18 (1.87, 0.25, 2.18, 1.88, 1.00), II missing, III 5.72 (1.60, 0.25, 1.62, 1.50, 0.75), IV 9.63 (2.60, 0.31, 2.81, 2.66, 1.25). Palp (Fig. 19A–D): femur four times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia 2/3 the length of femur; cymbium lightly scattered with purplish spots, 1/3 the length of the femur; bulb light yellow, lanceolate with bent distal part, presence of two rows of embolic stubble on distal part of embolic stalk, embolic stalk half the width of bulb, embolus short, arising distally, with laminar apophysis adjacent to embolus, greatly resembles the head of hummingbird with the distinct beak (Fig. 19C, D).

Female (Paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 18D–E). Measurements: total length 1.85; carapace 0.75 long, 0.60 wide; abdomen 1.10 long, 1.00 wide. Leg measurements: I 6.80 (1.80, 0.25, 2.00, 1.75, 1.00), II 5.26 (1.40, 0.20, 1.56, 1.30, 0.80), III 4.35 (1.28, 0.20, 1.12, 1.13, 0.62), IV 6.18 (1.56, 0.20, 1.80, 1.62, 1.00). Endogyne: a pair of short, tubular spermathecae bent towards each other, with a length 2 times the width, ratio of interdistance between spermatheca and the width of spermatheca 1 : 3.75 (Fig. 18A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

E9FF27B6591E56A4A3B50D0DAB4D2E84

http://zoobank.org/91D1E11C-CF9D-48FB-86D0-7720F2ACA4B8

Figs 1L , 2I , 20 , 21 , 28C , 29

Figure 20.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 21.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM, embolus, ST, stubble.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Thailand, Tak Province, Uaphang District, Umphang Subdistrict, Huai Lao Poo Cave, , 534 m, 16.XI.2016, Zhao H., Li Y., Chen Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin hăIimă (seahorse) and refers to the distal bending of bulb that resembles the head of a seahorse.

See diagnosis of sp. nov.

Male (holotype). Total length 1.80; carapace 0.60 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.20 long, 0.90 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands, lateral bands two times wider than the median band (Fig. 20C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28C). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites light brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with indistinct brown pattern, posterior with brown stripes, anteroventrally with dark brown semi-circle, posterior part with pair of pale yellow vertical dotted lines laterally and a funnel-shaped mark medially. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II missing, III 4.78 (1.28, 0.25, 1.38, 1.25, 0.62), IV 7.12 (1.75, 0.31, 2.12, 2.00, 0.94). Palp (Fig. 21A–D): femur 3 times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia almost equal in length to femur; cymbium scattered with purplish spots anteriorly, 1/4 the length of femur; bulb brown, lanceolate with bent distal part, presence of embolic stubble on embolic stalk, embolic stalk 1/3 the width of the bulb, embolus short, arises distally, resembles the head of a seahorse (Fig. 21A).

Female (paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of the male (Fig. 20D, E). Measurements: total length 1.60; carapace 0.50 long, 0.63 wide; abdomen 1.10 long, 0.70 wide. Leg measurements: I missing, II 4.29 (1.09, 0.16, 1.25, 1.09, 0.70), III 4.92 (1.25, 0.16, 1.41, 1.30, 0.80), IV missing. Endogyne: two pairs of circular spermathecae, lateral spermathecae embedded with ovoid duct (Fig. 20A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

1ED96F2A3587523FAE36B0918105F127

http://zoobank.org/3BA4354E-FE20-4DAE-850F-6082A9443508

Figs 22 , 28A , 29

Figure 22.

sp. nov., female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B epigastric area, ventral view C habitus, dorsal view D habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS), Thailand, Chiangmai Province, Mae Cham District, Jeep track, , 1649 m, 14.X.2014, Zhao H., Li Y., Chen Z.

The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese pinyin chùjiăo (antenna) and refers to the structure of the spermathecae that resembles two pairs of clavate antennae (Fig. 22A).

sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species by the two pairs of tubular spermathecae resembling two pairs of clavate antennae, lateral pair half the length of the median pair (Fig. 22A) (vs. circular spermathecae with with ovoid duct in sp. nov.).

Female (holotype). Total length 1.62; carapace 0.60 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.02 long, 0.60 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands, lateral bands three times wider than the median band. Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28A). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern. Abdomen elongated, with dark brown pattern (Fig. 22C), anteroventrally with semi-circular light brown epigastric area medially, posterior part with pair of light brown vertical dotted lines laterally and a V-shaped mark medially (Fig. 22D). Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I 4.84 (1.25, 0.31, 1.41, 1.09, 0.78), II 3.87 (1.00. 0.20, 1.10. 0.94, 0.63), III 3.31 (0.88, 0.25, 0.88, 0.80, 0.50), IV 4.46 (1.09, 0.25, 1.25, 1.12, 0.75). Endogyne: two pairs of tubular spermathecae, lateral pair half the length of the median pair, median pair curved and opposing one another, half the width of lateral pair (Fig. 22A).

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

F10E295FEC0B5499A15626827AF08ED1

http://zoobank.org/30F678E7-EC6E-4B95-8418-4CDCCF8730A8

Figs 1I , 2K , 23 , 24 , 28D , 29

Figure 23.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 24.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviation: EM, embolus.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Thailand, Mae Hong Muang Province, Muang District, Mok Jumpae Subdistrict, Tham PhaDaeng Cave, , 293 m, 21.XI.2016, Zhao H., Li Y., Chen Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the distinct long, flat and tapered embolic stalk (vs. embolic stalk not flat and tapered in other congeners); females can be distinguished by two pairs of spermathecae, lateral pair with short stalks, median pair circular (vs. one pair of similar spermathecae, tubular or twisted spermathecae in other congeners).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.30; carapace 0.60 long, 0.59 wide; abdomen 0.70 long, 0.44 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands, lateral bands three times wider than the median band (Fig. 23C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 28D). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern, delimiting an inverted triangle medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with indistinct brown pattern, posterior with brown stripes, anteroventrally with dark brown semi-circle, posterior with pair of pale yellow vertical dotted lines laterally. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I missing, II 4.45 (1.25, 0.20, 1.25, 1.00, 0.75), III 3.70 (1.00, 0.20, 1.01, 0.94, 0.55), IV 5.66 (1.40, 0.25, 1.63, 1.50, 0.88). Palp (Fig. 24A–D): femur 5 times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia 2/3 the length of femur; cymbium with dark brown spots anteriorly, 1/3 the length of femur; bulb pale yellow, spatulate, with elongated, tapered embolic stalk, embolic stalk half the width of bulb, embolus short, arises distally from bulb (Fig. 24A).

Female (paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 23D, E). Measurements: total length 1.60; carapace 0.50 long, 0.62 wide; abdomen 1.10 long, 0.70 wide. Leg measurements: I missing, II 3.99 (1.09, 0.25, 1.12, 0.90, 0.63), III 3.38 (0.94, 0.20, 0.87, 0.87, 0.50), IV 4.63 (1.09, 0.16, 1.38, 1.25, 0.75). Endogyne: two pairs of spermathecae, lateral pair with short stalks bearing a globose distal part, head two times longer and wider than stalk, median pair circular, ratio of the interdistance of lateral pair to interdistance of median pair 1 : 1.50 (Fig. 23A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

Li & Chang sp. nov.

6806751F5E3F5C999EA1DBA5823196CA

http://zoobank.org/9AA13536-78A0-4B01-911C-D493339AAB9A

Figs 1K , 2C , 25 , 26 , 27A , 29

Figure 25.

sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype A endogyne, dorsal view B female epigastric area, ventral view C male habitus, dorsal view D female habitus, dorsal view E female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviation: SP, spermatheca.

Figure 26.

sp. nov., male holotype A palp, ventral view B palpal bulb, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM, embolus, ST, stubble.

Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS), Thailand, Phitsanulok Province, Nakhothai District, Ban Tham Phrik Village, Tham Phrik Cave, , 610 m, 17.X.2014, Zhao H., Li Y., Chen Z. Paratype: 1♀ (IZCAS), same data as holotype.

The species name is an adjective referring to the type locality.

sp. nov. is similar to but can be distinguished by a short embolus (embolus tip does not exceed the perimeter or bulb) (Fig. 26C) (vs. long embolus in (embolus tip exceeds perimeter of bulb)), aligned arrangement of embolic stubble on embolic stalk (vs. embolic stubble divided into two rows in ), and palpal tibia is longer than the entire bulb (vs. palpal tibia is shorter than the entire bulb); females can be distinguished by a pair of tubular spermathecae laterally, connected with wavy horizontal ducts medially (vs. two pairs of spermathecae with lateral pair shorter than median pair).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.62; carapace 0.62 long, 0.70 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.55 wide. Carapace round and brown, with three longitudinal dark brown bands, lateral bands almost equally wide with the median band (Fig. 25C). Chelicerae brown (Fig. 27A). Clypeus dark brown medially and light brown laterally. Endites brown. Labium dark brown. Sternum with dark brown pattern, delimiting an inverted triangle medially. Abdomen elongated, dorsum with dark brown striped pattern, posterior with brown stripes, anteroventrally dark brown with pair of light brown kidney-shaped marks, followed by a horizontal, linear brown pattern medially, posterior part with pair of light brown vertical dotted lines laterally. Legs uniformly brown; measurements: I‒II missing, III 3.50 (0.25, 0.25, 1.30, 1.10, 0.60), IV missing. Palp (Fig. 26A–D): femur 4 times longer than patella; patella not swollen, tibia almost equal in length to femur, swollen; cymbium scattered with dark brown spots, 1/3 the length of femur; bulb pale yellow, pyriform, with a patch of aligned embolic stubble distally; embolus short and bent, arises distally.

Female (paratype). General features and coloration similar to that of male (Fig. 25D, E). Measurements: total length 2.60; carapace 1.40 long, 0.62 wide; abdomen 1.20 long, 0.87 wide. Leg measurements: I 5.40 (1.40, 0.20, 1.60, 1.40, 0.80), II 4.11 (1.00, 0.20, 1.20, 1.09, 0.62), III 4.74 (2.40, 0.15, 0.94, 0.78, 0.47), IV 5.13 (1.25, 0.16, 1.56, 1.41, 0.75). Endogyne: a pair of tubular spermathecae and connected with wavy horizontal ducts medially, lateral spermathecae seven times thinner than the width of the horizontal ducts (Fig. 25A).

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 29).

(Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995) comb. nov.

180D9CDBAAE85476BD3A50CC46286A02

Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995: 25, figs 54, 55.

Described by Deeleman-Reinhold (1995). Diagnostic features are discussed under sp. nov.

Indonesia.

Remarks.

This species is transferred to due to the similarity of somatic morphology and diagnostic features of the type species of the genus.

(Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995) comb. nov.

22BE72CF22F453038314A9C6D09F1C84

Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995: 21, figs 38–42.

Described by Deeleman-Reinhold (1995). Diagnostic features are discussed under sp. nov.

Indonesia.

The somatic morphology and diagnostic features are similar to the type species of the genus; therefore, we transfer it to .

1	Embolic stubble absent	2
–	Embolic stubble present	7
2	Embolus is shorter than bulb	3
–	Embolus and bulb almost equal in length (Fig. 1H)	T. ganlan sp. nov.
3	Embolus with long stalk	4
–	Embolus without stalk	5
4	Bulb with lamina, embolic stalk with distinct inclination of 30° (Fig. 1B)	T. ngalauindahensis sp. nov.
–	Bulb without lamina, embolic stalk flat and tapering (Fig. 1I)	T. thamphadaengensis sp. nov.
5	Embolus thin, straight and elongated, perpendicular to the axis of the bulb (Fig. 1C)	T. peterjaegeri sp. nov.
–	Embolus thick, curved and short, directed upward	6
6	Bulb obovate; embolus originating prolaterally (Fig. 1D)	T. tuoyuan sp. nov.
–	Bulb oblong; embolus originating retrolaterally (Fig. 1A)	T. jian
7	Embolic stalk long	8
–	Embolic stalk absent (Fig. 1E)	T. yangcong sp. nov.
8	Embolic stubble divided into 2 rows	9
–	Embolic stubble not divided	10
9	Bulb with lamina (Fig. 1F)	T. fengniao sp. nov.
–	Bulb without lamina (Fig. 1G)	T. vulgaris
10	Embolic stubble serrated, covers the entire embolic stalk (Fig. 1J)	T. shuzi sp. nov.
–	Embolic stubble not serrated, covers only distal end of embolic stalk	11
11	Embolic stubble aligned, almost as wide as bulb (Fig. 1K)	T. thamphrikensis sp. nov.
–	Embolic stubble not aligned, 3 times thinner than bulb (Fig. 1L)	T. haima sp. nov.

1	One pair of spermathecae	2
–	Two pairs of spermathecae	7
2	Spermathecae tubular, without stalks	3
–	Spermathecae with stalks	4
3	Wavy ducts present medially, connected with tubular spermathecae laterally (Fig. 2C)	T. thamprikensis sp. nov.
–	Wavy ducts lacking, tubular spermathecae bend towards each other (Fig. 2D)	T. fengniao sp. nov.
4	Spermathecae with twisted stalks	5
–	Stalk of spermatheca not twisted or simply bent at a right angle	6
5	Spermathecae with globular heads 2 times wider than stalk (Fig. 2E)	T. ganlan sp. nov.
–	Spermathecae with globular heads 3 times wider than stalk (Fig. 2F)	T. tuoyuan sp. nov.
6	Spermathecae connected by a funnel-like base (Fig. 2G)	T. jiazi sp. nov.
–	Spermathecae connected by a wavy horizontal duct (Fig. 2H)	T. zuichun sp. nov.
7	Spermathecae without stalks, tubular	8
–	Spermathecae with stalks, twisted	11
8	Paired spermathecae touching	9
–	Paired spermathecae separated	.10
9	Lateral spermathecae similar to median spermathecae but embedded with ovoid duct structure (Fig. 2I)	T. haima sp. nov.
–	Lateral spermathecae distinctly shorter and wider than median spermathecae (Fig. 2J)	T. chujiao sp. nov.
10	Lateral spermathecae with stalks (Fig. 2K)	T. thamphadaengensis sp. nov.
–	Lateral spermathecae 2 times longer than median pair and directed horizontally (Fig. 2B)	T. vulgaris
11	Lateral and median spermathecae of similar shape	12
–	Lateral spermathecae short and tubular, median spermathecae long and twisted (Fig. 2A)	T. jian
12	Spermathecae with globose heads	13
–	Spermathecae without globose heads (Fig. 2L)	T. yangcong sp. nov.
13	Heads of spermathecae 3 times wider than stalk (Fig. 2M)	T. shuzi sp. nov.
–	Heads of spermathecae almost equally as wide as stalk (Fig. 2N)	T. miantiao sp. nov.