Dual recombinase fate mapping reveals a transient cholinergic phenotype in multiple populations of developing glutamatergic neurons.

Cholinergic transmission shapes the maturation of glutamatergic circuits, yet the developmental sources of acetylcholine have not been systematically explored. Here, we have used Cre-recombinase-mediated genetic labeling to identify and map both mature and developing CNS neurons that express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Correction of a significant problem with a widely used ChatCre transgenic line ensures that this map does not contain expression artifacts. ChatCre marks all known cholinergic systems in the adult brain, but also identifies several brain areas not usually regarded as cholinergic, including specific thalamic and hypothalamic neurons, the subiculum, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the cuneate/gracilis nuclei, and the pontocerebellar system. This ChatCre fate map suggests transient developmental expression of a cholinergic phenotype in areas important for cognition, motor control, and respiration. We therefore examined expression of ChAT and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the embryonic and early postnatal brain to determine the developmental timing of this transient cholinergic phenotype, and found that it mirrored the establishment of relevant glutamatergic projection pathways. We then used an intersectional genetic strategy combining ChatCre with Vglut2Flp to show that these neurons adopt a glutamatergic fate in the adult brain. The transient cholinergic phenotype of these glutamatergic neurons suggests a homosynaptic source of acetylcholine for the maturation of developing glutamatergic synapses. These findings thus define critical windows during which specific glutamatergic circuits may be vulnerable to disruption by nicotine in utero, and suggest new mechanisms for pediatric disorders associated with maternal smoking, such as sudden infant death syndrome.