BACKGROUND: Insecticides are still the main method of mosquito control, but mosquito resistance presents a large obstacle. The function of mitochondrial genes in the evolution of insecticide resistance is still poorly understood. Pyrethroid is the most commonly used insecticide, and Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in China and Southeast Asia. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial genes associated with pyrethroid resistance through their genetic and expression variation based on analyses of transcriptomes and 36 individuals with resequencing in three geographical populations in China. RESULTS: The nucleotide diversity (Pi) in 18 resistant individuals was much lower than that in 18 susceptible individuals, which suggests that some sites experienced purifying selection subject to pyrethroid stress. Ka/Ks and amino acid analyses showed that ND4 experienced positive selection and had 23 amino acid mutations due to pyrethroid stress. These mutations might change the ND4 structure and function and thus alter the efficiency of the respiratory chain. ND5 was significantly upregulated, and ATP8 was significantly downregulated in these three pyrethroid resistant populations, which suggests that these two genes function in the production and maintenance of pyrethroid resistance. There are differences in mitochondrial genes involved in pyrethroid resistance among these three populations. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to reveal the association of mitochondrial genes in the evolution of insecticide resistance through amino acid mutation and expression patterns and can help us further understand insecticide resistance mechanisms.
BACKGROUND: Insecticides are still the main method of mosquito control, but mosquito resistance presents a large obstacle. The function of mitochondrial genes in the evolution of insecticide resistance is still poorly understood. Pyrethroid is the most commonly used insecticide, and Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in China and Southeast Asia. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial genes associated with pyrethroid resistance through their genetic and expression variation based on analyses of transcriptomes and 36 individuals with resequencing in three geographical populations in China. RESULTS: The nucleotide diversity (Pi) in 18 resistant individuals was much lower than that in 18 susceptible individuals, which suggests that some sites experienced purifying selection subject to pyrethroidstress. Ka/Ks and amino acid analyses showed that ND4 experienced positive selection and had 23 amino acid mutations due to pyrethroidstress. These mutations might change the ND4 structure and function and thus alter the efficiency of the respiratory chain. ND5 was significantly upregulated, and ATP8 was significantly downregulated in these three pyrethroid resistant populations, which suggests that these two genes function in the production and maintenance of pyrethroid resistance. There are differences in mitochondrial genes involved in pyrethroid resistance among these three populations. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to reveal the association of mitochondrial genes in the evolution of insecticide resistance through amino acid mutation and expression patterns and can help us further understand insecticide resistance mechanisms.