Female Power: A New Framework for Understanding "Female Dominance" in Lemurs.

Female dominance is often associated with lemurs. However, consensus does not exist among primatologists on how to define, measure, or explain female dominance. This review explores the utility of applying a broader concept of power to understanding lemur intersexual relationships. In this framework, power is defined as arising from an asymmetry in a dyadic relationship and can be divided into 2 types: dominance and leverage. Intersexual asymmetries based upon females having superior fighting ability are considered female dominance. However, economic power also exists, and females with resource-based power exhibit female leverage. Additionally, power has 4 characteristics (base, means, amount, and scope) that describe the precise nature of observed phenomena. This article utilizes the 4 characteristics outlined in the power framework to review the existing "female dominance" literature for lemurs and highlights the value of adopting both an expanded concept of power and a more precise language. By placing the multiple phenomena currently labeled under the single term "female dominance" within the power framework, much of the confusion disappears. Thus, not only is the debate reframed, facilitating endeavors to find evolutionary explanations, but the uniqueness of female power in lemurs can be determined empirically rather than by definition.